Thank you. Muchas gracias. Please, everybody have a seat. Buenas tardes. 谢谢大家。非常感谢。请各位就坐。下午好。
Let me begin by thanking our hosts. This is my very first visit to a Cuban cervecería. I hear they’ve got some great pollo -- Moros y Cristianos. And, of course, cerveza. But today, we’re here to work. 首先，请允许我感谢我们的主办方。这是我第一次造访古巴啤酒厂。我听说这里有美味的鸡肉——摩尔人与基督徒（黑豆饭配鸡肉）。当然，还有啤酒。但今天，我们是来工作的。
So I want to thank all of you for being part of this unprecedented event -- the Cuban government. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the new U.S.-Cuba Business Council. I’m also want to express my appreciation because we are joined on this trip by nearly 40 members of Congress, as well as some of America’s top business leaders and innovators who are eager to invest in Cuba and its people. And most importantly, I want to welcome all the extraordinary entrepreneurs -- men and women who are here from across Cuba. 我要感谢各位参与这一前所未有的活动——感谢古巴政府，感谢美国商会以及新成立的美古商业理事会。我还要表示感谢，因为此次随行的有近40名国会议员，以及一些美国顶尖的商业领袖和创新者，他们热切希望在古巴投资、为古巴人民造福。最重要的是，我要欢迎所有杰出的企业家——从古巴各地赶来的男女创业者们。
Now, I’m not here to give a big speech. I’m going to do that tomorrow. What I really want to do is hear from you and have a conversation about what we can achieve together. But I do want to begin by stepping back and talking about the forces and hopes that bring us together here today. 我今天不是来发表长篇演讲的，那是明天的事。我真正想做的是倾听你们的声音，就我们共同能取得的成就展开对话。但我确实想先退一步，谈谈让我们今天相聚于此的力量与希望。
In many ways, the history of Cuba can be understood through the labor of the Cuban people. For centuries, under colonial rule, and then during decades of American involvement, the toil of the Cuban people was often used to enrich others as opposed to the people who were doing the work. And then, for much of the past half century, it was virtually impossible for Cubans to operate their own businesses. But in recent years, that’s begun to change. To its credit, the Cuban government has adopted some reforms. Cuba is welcoming more foreign investment. 在许多方面，古巴的历史可以通过古巴人民的劳动来解读。几个世纪以来，在殖民统治下，以及随后数十年的美国介入中，古巴人民的辛劳往往被用来造福他人，而非那些真正付出劳动的人。在过去半个世纪的大部分时间里，古巴人几乎不可能经营自己的企业。但近年来，情况开始发生变化。值得肯定的是，古巴政府采取了一些改革措施。古巴正在吸引更多外国投资。
Cubans can now buy and sell property, and today many Cubans own their own homes and apartments. It’s easier for Cubans to travel, to buy a cellphone, for farmers to start cooperatives, and for a family to start their own business. 古巴人现在可以买卖房产，如今许多古巴人拥有自己的房屋和公寓。古巴人出行更方便了，购买手机更容易了，农民可以创办合作社，家庭也可以开办自己的企业。
The United States has been proud to help. Shortly after I took office, we said that Cuban Americans could send unlimited remittances to their families here in Cuba. And we allowed Cuban Americans to visit more often. Across this island, Cubans have used those remittances often to start businesses. And when Cuban Americans come visit, they often bring supplies and materials. We also made it easier for Cuban entrepreneurs to import and to export. And since we’ve made it easier to travel to Cuba, a lot more Americans are visiting the island -- you may have noticed. 美国一直很自豪能提供帮助。我就职后不久，我们就宣布古巴裔美国人可以无限制地向在古巴的家人汇款。我们还允许古巴裔美国人更频繁地回国探访。在这座岛上，古巴人经常用这些汇款创办企业。当古巴裔美国人回来探亲时，他们常常带来物资和材料。我们还为古巴企业家的进出口业务提供了便利。自从我们放宽了赴古巴旅行的限制后，越来越多的美国人来到古巴——你们可能已经注意到了。
So the Cuban economy is beginning to change, and just look at the results. Groups like Cuba Emprende are training a new generation of entrepreneurs. Today, about half a million Cubans -- including some of you -- are proud cuentapropistas -- running your own restaurants, cafes, beauty salons, barber shops, or working as artists, seamstresses and taxi drivers. Your businesses now employ about one-third of the Cuban workforce. 古巴经济正在开始发生变化，看看成果吧。像"古巴创业"（Cuba Emprende）这样的组织正在培训新一代企业家。如今，约有50万古巴人——其中包括在座的一些人——是自豪的个体经营者（cuentapropistas），经营着自己的餐馆、咖啡馆、美容院、理发店，或者从事艺术家、裁缝和出租车司机的工作。你们的企业目前雇用了约三分之一的古巴劳动力。
With help from services like Airbnb, more Americans are staying at your casas particulares and eating at your paladares -- like my family did last night. That food was really good -- even if my Spanish is not that great. 在爱彼迎（Airbnb）等服务的帮助下，越来越多的美国人住在你们的民宿（casas particulares）里，在你们的私家餐厅（paladares）用餐——就像我家人昨晚那样。食物真的很美味——尽管我的西班牙语不太好。
Those of you who run your own business knows what this means. You can earn a little more money for your family. You can provide more for your children. And then there’s the pride that comes from creating something new and improving the lives of those around you. And that’s the power of entrepreneurship. It’s about self-determination -- the opportunity to forge your own future. 你们这些经营自己企业的人知道这意味着什么。你可以为家人多赚一点钱，可以为孩子提供更好的生活。还有那种创造新事物、改善周围人生活所带来的自豪感。这就是创业的力量。它关乎自我决定——关乎塑造自己未来的机会。
It’s the belief that even if you don’t have much -- maybe just a kitchen, or a sewing machine, or a car -- if you’re willing to work hard, you can make your own way and improve your situation in life for the next generation. It’s the spirit of youth -- talented and driven, daring young people like so many of you ready to make your mark on the world. 它是这样一种信念：即使你拥有的不多——也许只有一个厨房，一台缝纫机，或一辆汽车——只要你愿意努力工作，你就能闯出自己的路，改善下一代的生活状况。这是青春的精神——才华横溢、充满干劲、勇敢无畏的年轻人，就像你们中的许多人一样，准备在世界上留下自己的印记。
It’s an investment in the future, because as we’ve seen in America, businesses that start small -- even in a garage -- can grow into some of the world’s most successful companies, and change the way we work and the way we live and connect with each other. That’s the spirit of entrepreneurship. And that’s what we’re encouraging here today. Because Cuba’s economic future -- its ability to create more jobs and a growing middle class, and meet the aspirations of the Cuban people -- depends on growth in the private sector, as well as government action. 这是对未来的投资，因为正如我们在美国所看到的，从小型企业起步——哪怕是从车库里开始——也能成长为世界上最成功的公司，改变我们的工作方式、生活方式以及彼此联系的方式。这就是创业精神。这正是我们今天在这里所鼓励的。因为古巴的经济未来——创造更多就业机会、壮大中产阶级、满足古巴人民愿望的能力——取决于私营部门的增长，也取决于政府的行动。
And it’s not easy. In the United States, we work to help entrepreneurs and small businesses get the resources they need because it can be a struggle to get a new venture off the ground. Around the world, we help young people and entrepreneurs access training and skills to put their ideas into action. Here today, you’re talking about the challenges you face as entrepreneurs in Cuba. 创业并不容易。在美国，我们努力帮助企业家和小企业获得他们所需的资源，因为让一家新企业起步可能是一场艰苦奋斗。在全球范围内，我们帮助年轻人和创业者获得培训和技能，将他们的想法付诸实践。今天在这里，你们正在讨论作为古巴企业家所面临的挑战。
Now, many of the changes that our two countries have already announced, including today, will help you to meet some of those challenges. More Americans coming to Cuba means more customers for your businesses. More Americans using the dollar will mean that they will spend more, as well. There will be more channels for you to import supplies and equipment. More Americans will be able to buy your arts, crafts, food, Cuban-origin software -- as well as, of course, Cuban rum and cigars. 现在，我们两国已经宣布的许多变革，包括今天宣布的内容，将帮助你们应对其中一些挑战。更多美国人来到古巴意味着你们的企业有了更多客户。更多使用美元的美国人也意味着他们会消费更多。你们将有更多渠道进口物资和设备。更多美国人将能够购买你们的艺术品、手工艺品、食品、古巴原产软件——当然还有古巴朗姆酒和雪茄。
We also know that, around the world, entrepreneurs flourish when there’s an environment that encourages their success. When professionals like architects and engineers and lawyers are allowed to start their own businesses, as well. When entrepreneurs can get loans from banks -- capital to start and expand their businesses. And then we need wholesale markets where you can buy supplies. When there’s a single currency and modern infrastructure so you can get your goods to market and import supplies. 我们也知道，在世界各地，当有鼓励成功的环境时，企业家就会蓬勃发展。当建筑师、工程师、律师等专业人士也被允许开办自己的企业时。当企业家可以从银行获得贷款——启动和扩展业务的资金时。然后我们需要可以购买物资的批发市场。当有统一货币和现代化基础设施时，你们就能将产品推向市场并进口物资。
And when there’s a single currency and a modern infrastructure so you can get your goods to market and import supplies. And perhaps most importantly, when everybody has a chance to succeed, including women and Afro-Cubans. These are all areas where the United States hopes to be a partner as Cuba moves forward. 当有统一货币和现代化基础设施时，你们就能将产品推向市场并进口物资。也许最重要的是，当每个人都有成功的机会时，包括妇女和非裔古巴人。这些都是美国希望在古巴前进过程中成为合作伙伴的领域。
And I can tell you one of the reasons I’m so confident in the potential of the Cuban people is because you have some important advantages. Your commitment to education and very high literacy rates -- that gives you an enormous advantage in the 21st century. That's been an investment that has been made here in Cuba. Your ingenuity -- who else could keep almendrons running all these years? You’ve got more than 300 million potential American customers -- and one of the world’s most dynamic cities, Miami, right next door. 我可以告诉你们，我对古巴人民的潜力如此有信心的原因之一，是因为你们拥有一些重要的优势。你们对教育的重视和极高的识字率——这使你们在21世纪拥有巨大的优势。这是古巴在这里做出的投资。你们的聪明才智——还有谁能让那些老爷车（almendrones）跑这么多年？你们拥有超过3亿潜在的美国客户——还有世界上最具活力的城市之一迈阿密，就在隔壁。
And you have more than two million talented, successful Cuban Americans -- some of whom joined me on this trip -- ready to invest in you and help pursue your dreams, and have deep family commitments and deep roots in Cuban culture. So I’m absolutely convinced -- if just given a chance, more Cubans can succeed right here at home, in the Cuba that you love. 你们还有两百多万才华横溢、事业有成的古巴裔美国人——其中一些人随我一同前来——他们准备投资你们，帮助你们追求梦想，他们有着深厚的家庭纽带和古巴文化的根基。所以我绝对相信——只要给一个机会，更多古巴人就能在自己的家园、在你们热爱的古巴取得成功。
So I’m here today to say that America wants to be your partner. Around this visit, American companies are moving ahead with new commercial deals. GE is going to sell more products here, from aviation to energy technology. CleBer will be the first U.S. company to build a factory here in more than 50 years -- they’re going to build tractors for Cuban farmers. Starwood will become the first U.S. hotel that operates here in nearly 60 years, and Marriot plans to come, as well -- and they’ll help train Cubans in the hospitality industry. 因此，我今天在这里要说的是，美国希望成为你们的合作伙伴。在此次访问期间，美国企业正在推进新的商业协议。通用电气（GE）将在这里销售更多产品，从航空到能源技术。CleBer将成为50多年来第一家在古巴建厂的美国公司——他们将为古巴农民制造拖拉机。喜达屋（Starwood）将成为近60年来第一家在古巴运营的美国酒店，万豪（Marriott）也计划进入——它们将帮助培训古巴酒店业人才。
The first Carnival cruise is expected to pull into Havana in May. And I will keep saying it every chance I get -- one of the best ways to help the Cuban people succeed and improve their lives would be for the U.S. Congress to lift the embargo once and for all. 首艘嘉年华（Carnival）邮轮预计将于5月驶入哈瓦那。我将抓住每一个机会不断重申——帮助古巴人民成功、改善他们生活的最佳途径之一，就是美国国会一劳永逸地解除禁运。
Here today, we’re doing even more to empower Cuban entrepreneurs. I know you’ve been networking with each other and potential American partners. Innovators in business -- like Airbnb’s Brian Chesky -- are sharing the lessons that they’ve learned. We’ve got a shark here named Daymond John -- for those of you who don't know, there’s a show in America called Shark Tank, which is an outstanding show where, on television, young entrepreneurs bring their ideas and present them, and they try to get some financing right there on the air. And it's a fun show to watch. 今天在这里，我们正在采取更多措施赋能古巴企业家。我知道你们一直在相互交流，也在与潜在的美国合作伙伴建立联系。商界创新者——比如爱彼迎的布莱恩·切斯基——正在分享他们学到的经验。我们这里还有一位叫戴蒙德·约翰的"鲨鱼"——你们可能不知道，美国有一档叫《创智赢家》（Shark Tank）的优秀节目，在电视上，年轻企业家带着自己的创意上台展示，试图当场获得融资。这是一档很有趣的节目。
Julie Hanna supports entrepreneurs all over the world with micro-financing. So give them your best pitch. They just might bite and decide to invest. 朱莉·汉娜通过小额信贷支持世界各地的企业家。所以，拿出你们最好的项目推介吧。他们说不定会"上钩"，决定投资。
We’re also announcing some new commitments today. As part of our Young Leaders in the Americas Initiative, we’re going to welcome up to 15 young Cuban entrepreneurs to the United States to help them get the training and skills to grow their own business. For the first time, we’ll welcome Cubans to our annual Global Entrepreneurship Summit, which I’ll host in Silicon Valley later this year. And later this year, our Small Business Administrator, Maria Contreras Sweet -- who is here today. Where’s Maria? There she is. 我们今天还宣布了一些新的承诺。作为我们"美洲青年领袖倡议"的一部分，我们将欢迎多达15名古巴青年企业家前往美国，帮助他们获得发展自身企业所需的培训和技能。我们将首次邀请古巴人参加我们一年一度的全球创业峰会，今年晚些时候我将在硅谷主持该峰会。今年晚些时候，我们的小企业管理局局长玛丽亚·孔特雷拉斯·斯威特——她今天也在场。玛丽亚在哪里？她在那儿。
She’s going to lead a delegation of business leaders here to promote more entrepreneurship in Cuba. 她将率领一个商业领袖代表团访问这里，以促进古巴的创业精神。
And we also want to help connect more Cuban entrepreneurs to the Internet. Some are here today, including Yon Gutiérrez, who designed AlaMesa, an app to connect Cubans to restaurants; and InfoMed, connecting doctors and scientists. More Cubans are going online at Wi-Fi hotspots, but still, very few Cubans have Internet access. Although I just learned that my skit with Panfilo got two million hits here in Cuba, so that -- I think with Internet access paid attention here. 我们还希望帮助更多古巴企业家接入互联网。今天在座的就有一些，包括设计了AlaMesa（一款连接古巴人与餐厅的应用程序）的翁·古铁雷斯；以及连接医生和科学家的InfoMed。越来越多的古巴人通过Wi-Fi热点上网，但仍然只有极少数古巴人拥有互联网接入。不过我刚听说，我和潘菲洛合拍的小品在古巴有两百万次点击量，所以——我觉得古巴的互联网用户还是很关注的。
But in terms of Internet access, even those who have it often are using old dial-up connections that can be expensive and slow. I don't even remember the sound of the phone when it went [makes "dial-up" sound] -- so new technology has come and we need to bring it to Cuba. “If we had Internet” one Cuban entrepreneur said, “we could really take off.” 但在互联网接入方面，即使是那些有网的人，也常常使用老旧的拨号连接，既昂贵又缓慢。我都不记得电话拨号时的声音了（模仿拨号音）——新技术已经到来，我们需要把它带到古巴。一位古巴企业家说过："如果我们有互联网，我们就能真正腾飞。"
So America wants to help you take off. And Verizon will help deliver direct landline phone connections between Cuba and the United States. Cisco has announced it will help Cuban students develop their IT skills. The American high-tech firm Stripe, is partnering with Merchise Startup Circle here in Havana to help Cubans start ventures and do business online. 因此，美国希望帮助你们腾飞。威瑞森（Verizon）将帮助实现古巴与美国之间的固定电话直连。思科（Cisco）已宣布将帮助古巴学生提升信息技术技能。美国高科技公司Stripe正在与哈瓦那的Merchise创业圈合作，帮助古巴人创办企业和开展在线业务。
The bottom line is this. We believe in the Cuban people. We believe in artists like Idania Del Rio who designs and illustrates her own goods -- “99 percent Cuban design,” she calls it. We believe in merchants like Sandra Lidicie Aldama, who says, “One of the most important things in the Cuban nature is perseverance, optimism, and our capacity to find a solution to any obstacle in the way.” We believe in the entrepreneur who said, “I think with these changes in Cuba there’s no turning back.” And another who said, “This opens us up to the world.” And one who also said, “Just give us the chance.” 归根结底就是这样。我们相信古巴人民。我们相信像伊达尼亚·德尔里奥这样的艺术家，她设计并绘制自己的产品——她称之为"99%古巴设计"。我们相信像桑德拉·利迪西·阿尔达马这样的商人，她说："古巴天性中最重要的东西之一，就是坚韧、乐观，以及我们克服一切障碍找到解决方案的能力。"我们相信那位说"我认为古巴的这些变化已经不可逆转"的企业家。还有人说："这让我们向世界敞开了大门。"还有人说："只要给我们机会就行。"
Just give us the chance. Well, as your friend and as your partner, the United States of America wants to help you get that chance. And we're so grateful that we're off to this outstanding start at this event here today. Muchas gracias. 只要给我们机会。作为你们的朋友和伙伴，美利坚合众国希望帮助你们获得这个机会。我们非常感谢，我们今天的活动有了这样一个出色的开端。非常感谢。
Thank you very much. Thank you. Now, as I said, I didn’t want to just talk, I want to also hear from you. So I’ve asked to join me one of our outstanding journalists in the United States, an entrepreneur herself who works to empower girls through education. She is a proud Cuban-American who, on this visit, has brought her children to Cuba to meet their cousins for the first time. Please give her a big round of applause --Soledad O’Brien. 非常感谢。谢谢。正如我所说，我不想只是讲话，我也想倾听你们的声音。所以我邀请了一位美国杰出的记者与我一起，她本身也是一位企业家，致力于通过教育赋能女孩。她是一位自豪的古巴裔美国人，此次访问中，她带着孩子们来到古巴，让他们第一次与表亲相见。请大家热烈欢迎——索莱达·奥布莱恩。
Ms. O'Brien: So welcome, everyone. My name is Soledad O’Brien, and I’m a journalist, as the President said. And I’m also a Cuban-American. My mother grew up not very far from here, Habana Vieja. And so it's not only nice to be back, but it's great to be able to bring my children here for the first time. 奥布莱恩女士：大家好。我叫索莱达·奥布莱恩，正如总统所说，我是一名记者。我也是古巴裔美国人。我母亲就在离这里不远的哈瓦那老城区长大。所以回到这里不仅令人愉快，能带我的孩子们第一次来这里更是太棒了。
I’m also an entrepreneur. I run a small business that employs nine people full-time. So I know very well the joys and the struggles of running your own business. And I'm excited to be here today to moderate a discussion -- to talk to several businesspeople, some people who work in the private sector and others who work in the state sector, to discuss some of the opportunities to improve business and also improve cooperation between Cuba and the United States. 我也是一名企业家。我经营着一家小企业，有九名全职员工。所以我深知经营自己企业的喜悦与艰辛。今天我很高兴能主持这场讨论——与几位商界人士交流，他们有的在私营部门工作，有的在国有部门工作，探讨改善商业以及加强古美合作的一些机遇。
So I'm going to ask the people that I call on to stand and talk for just a couple of moments about your business. And if you have a question for the President, we would love to hear it. 所以我会请我点到的人站起来，花几分钟谈谈你们的企业。如果你们有问题想问总统，我们很乐意倾听。
So we'll begin with Gilberto “Papito” Valladares. He’s a small business owner. He is a barber. He’s also a community organizer. 我们先从希尔韦托·"帕皮托"·巴利亚达雷斯开始。他是一位小企业主，是一名理发师，也是一位社区组织者。
Welcome. 欢迎。
Question: [As interpreted.] Good afternoon. Mr. President, my name is Gilberto Valladares. Everybody calls me by my nickname, "Papito." I'm a bald barber and a dreamer. I’d like to share with you my vision, my personal vision. I am also from Old Havana. I love Old Havana. We have that in common. 提问者：（经口译）下午好。总统先生，我叫希尔韦托·巴利亚达雷斯。大家都叫我的外号"帕皮托"。我是个光头理发师，也是个梦想家。我想和大家分享我的愿景，我个人的愿景。我也来自哈瓦那老城区。我爱哈瓦那老城区。这是我们的共同点。
In ’99, I made a major decision in my life to become a private self-employed people. At the time, 95 percent of barbers worked for the state. Now, 95 percent of them are private operators, meaning that something is happening in Cuban society. It is a very important moment for me. I know that the historical moment of committing the private sector with society is tomorrow, and that's what's been happening in my community. I live in the callejón de los peluqueros, or barbers' street. I do like barber work. That's why they talk about that callejón, or alley. 1999年，我做出了人生中的一个重大决定，成为一名私营个体经营者。当时，95%的理发师为国家工作。现在，95%是私营经营者，这意味着古巴社会正在发生变化。对我来说，这是一个非常重要的时刻。我知道，让私营部门融入社会的历史性时刻就在明天，这正是我所在社区正在发生的事情。我住在"理发师巷"（callejón de los peluqueros）。我确实喜欢理发这一行。所以大家才说起那条巷子。
Three years ago, on that street, we only had one self-employed person, myself. Today we are talking in terms of 97 people who are self-employed, including owners and workers. And this has helped us to promote a dynamic I’d like to share with you as to how my community has been creating a chain of economic benefits and also a chain of social benefits. I am convinced that social benefits make economic benefits even more greater. When you work in a micro-company and you work for the future of society, that’s where the future of society lies. 三年前，那条街上只有我一个个体经营者。今天，我们有97名个体经营者，包括业主和工人。这帮助我们形成了一种活力，我想和大家分享，我的社区是如何创造出一条经济效益链，同时也是一条社会效益链的。我深信，社会效益能让经济效益更上一层楼。当你在一家微型企业工作，为社会的未来而努力时，那就是社会的未来所在。
The person [inaudible] values of economics. That's why we pay so much attention to social values. My economic project is also helping another project for young people who want to learn to become barbers. Today we have 10 deaf girls who are being taught how to be hairdressers so that in the future they can work. I'm so happy because alliances have allowed us to grow. By alliances I mean alliances between the private and state sector, among people, and so on. （听不清）人的经济价值观。这就是为什么我们如此重视社会价值观。我的经济项目也在帮助另一个项目——为想学习理发的年轻人提供培训。今天，我们有10名失聪女孩正在学习美发，以便将来能够工作。我很高兴，因为联盟让我们得以成长。我说的联盟是指私营部门与国有部门之间的联盟，人与人之间的联盟，等等。
I think it is also very important to see how we are creating a synergy, and in the end, we all win. I’ll also say it's so important that in the end I will not be able to fix the world, but I can fix my little piece of land where I live. And I think that a very few littles will make a big thing up. 我认为同样重要的是，我们正在形成一种协同效应，最终我们都会受益。我还要说，重要的是，我最终可能无法改变整个世界，但我可以改变我居住的那一小片土地。我认为，积少成多，就能成就大事。
President Obama: Well, first of all, Papito, I know that my barber is very important to me. And Michelle’s hairdresser -- if she had to choose between me and her hairdresser, I don't know, it would be a close call. 奥巴马总统：首先，帕皮托，我知道我的理发师对我来说非常重要。还有米歇尔的发型师——如果她必须在我和她的发型师之间做选择，我不知道，那会是个艰难的选择。
But in the United States, a barbershop, a beauty salon, that's oftentimes the center of the neighborhood and community life, and that's where people meet. And so congratulations on not only starting your business but also seeing it as a social enterprise that can help to contribute to the wellbeing of the community as a whole. 在美国，理发店、美容院往往是社区生活的中心，是人们相聚的地方。所以，恭喜你不仅创办了自己的企业，还把它视为一个社会企业，为整个社区的福祉做出贡献。
One of the things we’re excited about is the fact that even though it’s starting small, and you’re self-employed, you’re now about to build up a business and people can see you as a role model and as an example. The next step obviously is for you potentially to be able to expand. And in the United States -- I don’t know about barbering here -- but in the United States, oftentimes people start off, they just have one chair in the barbershop, then they get five chairs. 让我们感到振奋的一点是，尽管起步很小，你只是个体经营，但你现在正在建立起一家企业，人们可以把你视为榜样和典范。下一步显然是你有可能扩大规模。在美国——我不知道这里的理发行业怎么样——但在美国，人们往往起步时只有一把理发椅，然后增加到五把。
Young barbers come in and initially they rent a chair from you, but over time, once they've gotten regular customers, maybe they go off and they branch off, and they start their own barbershop. And in that way, you see a number of businesses start to grow, even though it started just from one. 年轻的理发师进来，最初是向你租椅子，但随着时间的推移，一旦他们有了固定的客户，也许他们就会离开，自立门户，开自己的理发店。这样一来，你就会看到许多企业开始成长，尽管最初只有一家。
And one of the issues that hopefully the cuentapropista movement can begin to develop is the capacity to take these small businesses that have just started and begin to expand them. That's not going to happen overnight, but that's part of what we'd like to see encouraged. And I think that that's going to require government feeling comfortable with that process, but it's also going to require entrepreneurs like you, as role models, so that people can see how successful it's been. 希望个体经营者（cuentapropista）运动能够开始培养的能力之一，就是让这些刚刚起步的小企业逐步发展壮大的能力。这不会一蹴而就，但这是我们希望看到得到鼓励的一部分。我认为，这需要政府对这一进程感到放心，但也需要像你这样的企业家作为榜样，让人们看到它的成功。
I will say, there was an interesting conversation that I had with President Castro around this issue, and I know that U.S. companies will relate to this, because he pointed out that as people start getting more of their own income, owning their own property and starting their own businesses, the question starts coming up about paying taxes. And President Castro pointed out, rightfully, that nobody likes paying taxes, especially if they're not used to paying taxes. And I assured him that was a universal trait. That's true in America, just as much as it is in the United States. 我要说的是，我和卡斯特罗主席就这个问题进行了一次有趣的交谈，我知道美国公司也会有同感，因为他指出，随着人们开始有更多自己的收入，拥有自己的财产并创办自己的企业，纳税的问题就开始出现了。卡斯特罗主席正确地指出，没有人喜欢纳税，特别是如果他们不习惯纳税的话。我向他保证，这是一个普遍的特点。在美国也是如此，就像在……美国一样。（译注：此处口误）
But that gives you a sense of how some of these institutions are going to have to evolve over time because they're still relatively new. But certainly these are the kinds of initiatives that will start building new habits and new possibilities for people throughout your country. 但这让你感受到，其中一些制度将如何随着时间的推移而演变，因为它们仍然相对较新。但毫无疑问，这些举措将开始为你们国家的人民建立新的习惯和新的可能性。
So, congratulations. If I hadn’t just gotten a haircut, I'd stop by your shop. 所以，恭喜你。如果我不是刚剪过头发，我会顺路去你的店里的。
Ms. O'Brien: The next person I'd like to introduce is Idania del Rio, and she's a graphic designer. And she has been in the past part of an exchange program to the United States. 奥布莱恩女士：下一位我要介绍的是伊达尼亚·德尔里奥，她是一名平面设计师。她过去曾参加过赴美国的交流项目。
Question: [As interpreted.] Thank you, very much. Good afternoon. I am a designer, illustrator. And with two women, we funded Clandestina, which is a design brand intending to define work by as done by Cuban young designers, and in general to have a bigger design market in Havana to begin with. So we are trying to establish a chain between creation, production, and sales for the benefit of Cuban designers. 提问者：（经口译）非常感谢。下午好。我是一名设计师、插画师。我和另外两位女性共同创立了Clandestina，这是一个设计品牌，旨在确立古巴年轻设计师的作品地位，并首先在哈瓦那拓展更大的设计市场。因此，我们正努力建立一条从创作、生产到销售的链条，为古巴设计师谋福利。
The concept behind Clandestina's work is to change the concept of Cuban souvenir idea. We have products like rum and tobacco and cigars, which are practically commodities, but there is a whole market of new products from new initiatives of creation which are not as well established as those products. And design is a quite interesting field in any modern society where much value can be generated for society itself. Clandestina began a year ago. Clandestina作品背后的理念，是改变古巴纪念品的概念。我们有朗姆酒、烟草和雪茄等产品，它们几乎是大宗商品，但还有一整个新产品市场，来自新的创意项目，它们还不像那些产品那样成熟。在任何现代社会中，设计都是一个相当有趣的领域，可以为社会本身创造巨大价值。Clandestina成立于一年前。
What started as a t-shirt shop has become a project with 14 employees, and it is creating over 25 products. So we are very, very happy -- most of all, our girls, which is also very cool. And thanks to some things that have been happening -- we have been invited to participate in WEAmericas, which is a State Department project. And because of those things of life, we entered the Columbia Business School. So we've been having business training, and that's essential for us. 从一家T恤店起步，如今已发展成为一个拥有14名员工的项目，正在开发25种以上的产品。所以我们非常非常高兴——最重要的是，我们的女孩们，这也很酷。多亏了一些正在发生的事情——我们受邀参加了WEAmericas，这是国务院的一个项目。也是机缘巧合，我们进入了哥伦比亚商学院。所以我们一直在接受商业培训，这对我们至关重要。
That has changed our lives and the way we think of our own project, which began as a project and now is a company. We do have many expectations for the future and for what we can do with young people in our township in Old Havana also. 这改变了我们的生活，也改变了我们对自己项目的看法——它最初是一个项目，现在已经是一家公司了。我们对未来，对我们能为哈瓦那老城区的年轻人做些什么，抱有很多期待。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
Ms. O'Brien: What would you like to happen between Cuba and the United States that could be helpful to you and the young women that you serve? 奥布莱恩女士：你希望古巴和美国之间发生什么，能够对你和你所服务的年轻女性有所帮助？
Question: Basically, what has been discussed here. Specific regulations, information about those regulations, what will happen with imports and exports, what will happen with Cubans as to whether they might be having companies in the United States or selling their products there. Could they trade online? And that Cuban state information and U.S. government information would be valuable for us. This information is what we need most, I think. 提问者：基本上就是这里讨论的内容。具体的法规，关于这些法规的信息，进出口会怎么样，古巴人能不能在美国开公司或者在那里销售产品。他们能在线交易吗？古巴国家的信息和美国政府的信息对我们来说都很有价值。我认为，这些信息是我们最需要的。
President Obama: Well, I need some information on where I can buy a couple of t-shirts. Did you bring some samples? I'm not going to take yours. But we'll see if we can get a couple. I think Malia and Sasha might want a couple. And I still have some pesos to spend before I leave. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我需要一些信息，比如我在哪里能买到几件T恤。你带样品来了吗？我不是要拿你的。但我们看看能不能弄几件。我想玛丽亚和萨莎可能想要几件。我临走前还有一些比索要花呢。
But I tell you, you're absolutely right about the need to make sure that young people who have ideas are not restricted to just the traditional exports where you're not that high up on the value chain. And this is true around the world, including in the United States. You have global markets -- they're competitive. If all you're doing is selling commodities, then it's very hard to spur significant economic growth, and you're also vulnerable in the world marketplace if there's a downturn in the economy and people need less raw materials. 但我跟你说，你说得完全正确，必须确保有想法的年轻人不局限于传统出口产品——那些你在价值链上位置不高的产品。这在世界各地都是如此，包括在美国。全球市场是竞争激烈的。如果你只卖大宗商品，那么就很难推动显著的经济增长，而且在世界市场上，如果经济下滑、人们对原材料的需求减少，你也会很脆弱。
So if China's economy slows and suddenly they're not buying as much oil or as much minerals, or what have you, then suddenly the economy of that country is very vulnerable. And so you want a diversified economy and you want to make sure that skills, design, software, products of intellectual work and not just raw materials and commodities, that that becomes a critical part of the overall economy. 所以如果中国经济放缓，突然不再购买那么多石油或矿产之类的，那么那个国家的经济就会非常脆弱。因此，你需要一个多元化的经济，你需要确保技能、设计、软件、知识工作产品，而不仅仅是原材料和大宗商品，成为整体经济的关键组成部分。
Now, Cuba already has an example of that in its outstanding medical profession. The doctors and the nurses are essential exports for Cuba because they're highly skilled, they're highly trained. They're at a global standard. And as a consequence, they can sell those services essentially when they work elsewhere in the world. But there's no reason to think that the same ingenuity that exists when it comes to medicine shouldn’t be true in fashion as well, or in software, or in engineering, or a whole host of other potential occupations that people provide. 古巴在其杰出的医疗行业中已经有了这样的例子。医生和护士是古巴重要的出口资源，因为他们技艺高超、训练有素。他们达到了全球标准。因此，当他们在世界其他地方工作时，他们基本上可以出售这些服务。但是，没有理由认为医学领域存在的那种聪明才智，在时尚、软件、工程或其他许许多多人们从事的职业中就不存在。
And so you're starting to lead the way. But I'll talk to you afterwards about that t-shirt. 所以你们正在引领潮流。不过T恤的事我们之后再聊。
Ms. O'Brien: The next person we'd like to hear from is Brian Chesky. You mentioned him earlier. He is the founder of Airbnb, and they have 2 million listings in 190 countries. 奥布莱恩女士：下一位发言者是布莱恩·切斯基。你之前提到过他。他是爱彼迎（Airbnb）的创始人，他们在190个国家拥有200万个房源。
Question: Thank you, Mr. President. It's an honor to be here. This is a historic week for diplomacy. And I want to just talk for a moment about maybe another kind of diplomacy, and that is people-to-people diplomacy. We launched, with your help, one year ago. In that period of time, we've had Americans come from all 50 states in the country, and they've stayed with hosts here in Cuba. And we estimate now about 20 percent of all Americans that are staying in Cuba are staying in a home with a Cuba host. 提问者：谢谢您，总统先生。很荣幸来到这里。这是外交史上具有历史意义的一周。我想花一点时间谈谈另一种外交，那就是民间外交。在您的帮助下，我们一年前启动了这项业务。在那段时间里，来自美国50个州的美国人都来到了这里，他们住在古巴的房东家里。我们估计，现在所有在古巴逗留的美国人中，约有20%是住在古巴房东的家里。
What they say is that they come here with 50 years of questions, and they have three days to ask them. But I think it's been an amazing experience and unbelievable story. 他们说，他们带着50年的疑问来到这里，用三天时间来寻求答案。但我认为这是一次奇妙的经历，一个不可思议的故事。
We just got the word from the White House that, a day ago, we were going to be allowed to have not just Americans stay with a Cuban host, but guests from all over the world. I mentioned this to a Cuban host, and then she actually started crying. And she explained to me that this would allow her to finally be able to complete paying the bills for their family and fix up her home. 我们刚从白宫得到消息，就在一天前，我们将被允许不仅让美国人住在古巴房东家，还可以接待来自世界各地的客人。我把这个消息告诉了一位古巴房东，她当时就哭了。她向我解释说，这将让她终于能够付清家里的账单，修缮她的房子。
I met another host last night, and she said, "We open our doors, we open our hearts, and what we care most about is not just the money we make, but the friendships we make." And they used to say that they had lots of misconceptions about Americans, and it's hard to have misconceptions about Americans when you actually host them in your homes. And the same thing is true with Americans and I think people all over the world. There's hundreds of thousands of new friendships that are possible if we can bring people together. 我昨晚遇到了另一位房东，她说："我们敞开大门，敞开心扉，我们最在乎的不只是赚的钱，还有结交的友谊。"她们过去常说对美国人有很多误解，但当你真的把美国人请到家里住时，就很难再有误解了。我想美国人民和全世界人民也是如此。如果我们能把人们聚在一起，就有可能促成成千上万段新的友谊。
President Obama: I just want to brag on Brian just for one second. First of all, for those Cubans who are not familiar with Brian, you can see how young he is. The company that he started, Airbnb, basically started as an idea with his co-founder who is also here. How long ago did you guys start, Brian [Chesky]? 奥巴马总统：我想稍微"炫耀"一下布莱恩。首先，对于不熟悉布莱恩的古巴朋友，你们可以看到他有多年轻。他创立的公司爱彼迎，最初只是他和他的联合创始人的一个想法，他的联合创始人今天也在这里。你们是多久前开始的，布莱恩·切斯基？
Mr. Chesky: Eight years. 切斯基先生：八年。
President Obama: Eight years. And what's the valuation now? 奥巴马总统：八年。那现在估值是多少？
Mr. Chesky: Twenty-five -- 切斯基先生：二十五——
President Obama: Don't be shy. 奥巴马总统：别害羞。
Mr. Chesky: $25 billion. 切斯基先生：250亿美元。
President Obama: $25 billion? With a "B"? Okay. But I use Brian as an example. He's one of our outstanding your entrepreneurs who had an idea and acted on it. And in this global economy, it can take off -- if it's a good idea and it's well executed. But I also think Brian is a good example of the power of the Internet and why having an Internet infrastructure is so important. Because essentially, Airbnb is using social media and the Internet in order to create a buyer and a seller and a market that is safe for those buyers and sellers that didn’t previously exist. 奥巴马总统：250亿？"亿"级别的？好的。我以布莱恩为例。他是我们杰出的青年企业家之一，有想法并付诸行动。在这个全球经济中，只要是好主意、执行得当，就能一飞冲天。但我也认为，布莱恩是一个很好的例子，说明了互联网的力量，以及为什么拥有互联网基础设施如此重要。因为从本质上讲，爱彼迎利用社交媒体和互联网，创造了一个买家和卖家的市场，一个对买卖双方都安全的市场，而这个市场以前是不存在的。
I mean, it used to be if an American or a German or anybody wanted to come to Cuba, they could go to a hotel, and that was it. Now, suddenly, there are thousands of potential sellers of a great experience here in Cuba, and they themselves become small business people. 我的意思是，以前如果一个美国人或德国人或任何人想来古巴，他们只能住酒店，仅此而已。现在，突然间，有成千上万的潜在卖家可以在古巴提供美妙的体验，他们自己也成为了小企业主。
But it's only possible because somebody in Germany can look up online and see, okay, that's a house, that looks nice, there's a nice picture. There's been a good rating of the host. They found out that when you get there, the room actually looks like the room on the Internet. The person who's inviting somebody into their home, they can check and they've seen that, okay, the person who's using this has a good credit rating. And if they've stayed at Airbnb before, they haven’t completely torn up the house. 但这之所以成为可能，是因为在德国的某个人可以上网查看，好吧，那是一栋房子，看起来不错，有漂亮的照片。房东的评价很好。他们发现，当你到达时，房间实际上和网上看到的一样。邀请别人住进自己家的人，他们也可以查看，了解到使用这个平台的人信用良好。如果他们以前住过爱彼迎的房子，他们就不会把房子搞得一团糟。
And so it's a tool to build trust and allow this transaction to take place. But if you imagine what could be done with broader Internet access and service here, Brian, I think, gives you a good example of the potential that could be unleashed. But it requires an infrastructure and an investment in order to make it work. 所以这是一个建立信任、促成交易的工具。但如果你想象一下，更广泛的互联网接入和服务在这里能发挥什么作用，布莱恩，我认为，他就是一个很好的例子，展示了可以释放的潜力。但这需要基础设施和投资才能实现。
Thank you for sharing your story, Brian. 谢谢你分享你的故事，布莱恩。
Ms. O'Brien: Up next is Abelardo Alvarez Silva. Mr. Silva, I should say, is the president of the Cooperative of Credits and Services, an association of small farmers. 奥布莱恩女士：下一位是阿韦拉多·阿尔瓦雷斯·席尔瓦。应该说席尔瓦先生是信贷与服务合作社的主席，这是一个小农协会。
Question: Good afternoon, Mr. President. I'm a farmer, president of a credit and service cooperative, a social and economic unit which has autonomy in its management. I cover expenses with the income. There are 192 associates. There's a general assembly, the top organ of the cooperative. It has an area of 638 hectares -- 500 are arable land with fruits, grains, et cetera; 28 owners and 25 [inaudible]. We produce all of our production, around 9,000 tons. For social consumption, we sell to the population directly. With the industry, we sell seeds to hotels. 提问者：下午好，总统先生。我是一名农民，是一家信贷与服务合作社的主席，这是一个在管理上享有自治权的社会经济单位。我用收入支付各项开支。合作社有192名社员。设有社员大会，是合作社的最高权力机构。合作社占地638公顷——其中500公顷是可耕地，种植水果、谷物等；有28名业主和25名（听不清）。我们的总产量约为9000吨。社会消费方面，我们直接向民众销售。工业方面，我们向酒店供应种子。
One of the positive impacts of our cooperative at the social level, our cooperative takes care of women homes, children with oncological problems. That is the positive impact of the cooperative. We supply them. We are located in Artemisa, Havana Matanzas area. It's a productive area under irrigation, with a system created by farmers with an advanced experience in all the crops. However, we have not been able to find all the potential because of the absence of new technology. 我们合作社在社会层面的积极影响之一，是照顾妇女之家、患有肿瘤疾病的儿童。这就是合作社的积极影响。我们为他们提供物资。我们位于阿尔特米萨省，哈瓦那-马坦萨斯地区。这是一个有灌溉系统的高产地区，这套系统由农民创建，在所有作物种植方面都有先进经验。然而，由于缺乏新技术，我们未能充分发挥潜力。
Our machinery are very backward -- irrigation system that prevents us from finding the development and the top productivity of our work. 我们的机械设备非常落后——灌溉系统阻碍了我们实现发展和最高生产率。
What is our message? To give us an opportunity to meet two objectives. One, to produce food for the people more efficiently. And second, in the immediate future, to contribute to the world. And we continue with our land growing it and harvesting it. 我们的诉求是什么？给我们一个机会，实现两个目标。第一，更高效地为人民生产粮食。第二，在不久的将来，为世界做出贡献。我们将继续耕耘土地、收获作物。
President Obama: Let me just ask you a quick question -- pregunta. What's your -- you said you grow grain and fruit. Let's get a translation. I'm just curious, first of all, what are the products that you've been most successful in growing? What's your major seller? And also, when it comes to equipment, what are the specific things that you're looking for at this point? Is it basics, like tractors, or is it more sophisticated irrigation systems? What are the main needs of the cooperative at this point? 奥巴马总统：让我快速问一个问题——pregunta（提问）。你的——你说你们种植谷物和水果。让我们翻译一下。我只是好奇，首先，你们最成功种植的产品是什么？你们最主要的销售产品是什么？还有，在设备方面，你们目前具体需要什么？是基础设备，比如拖拉机，还是更先进的灌溉系统？合作社目前最主要的需求是什么？
Question: [As interpreted.] We have several crops. We produce potatoes, plantains, and sweet potatoes. Those are the most productive items. And in vegetables, we're high producers in carrots, tomato, beet root. They're the main ones -- although we grow them all. And fruits -- guava, papaya. Those are our main crops. Fifty percent are vegetables, thirty-five in fruits, fifteen in grains, and five percent in foods. 提问者：（经口译）我们有好几种作物。我们种植土豆、大蕉和红薯。这些是产量最高的。蔬菜方面，我们高产胡萝卜、番茄、甜菜根。这些是主要的——尽管我们什么都种。水果方面，番石榴、木瓜。这些是我们的主要作物。50%是蔬菜，35%是水果，15%是谷物，5%是其他食品。
When I spoke about the obtainment of the equipment, we need machinery -- irrigation machinery. Our machinery is very old, and no spare parts do we have. Those parts that we need today, it's hard to buy them. So the irrigation system are actual furrows, and that's not used anymore. It brings about erosion. And we have substituted with organic maneuver. But still, we're under the productivity. 当我说获取设备时，我们需要机械——灌溉机械。我们的机械非常老旧，而且没有备件。我们现在需要的那些零件，很难买到。所以我们的灌溉系统还是老式的垄沟灌溉，现在已经不用了。这会造成水土流失。我们已经用有机肥料替代了。但尽管如此，我们的生产率仍然偏低。
When we have all that machinery, things will be done in less time, less expensive. Not so much use of water. Better protection of the soil -- to find the top productivity of the land. Also, the resources which we need are indispensable, and sometimes they don’t come. 有了那些机械设备，事情就能用更少的时间、更低的成本完成。用水量会更少。土壤保护会更好——实现土地的最高生产率。此外，我们所需的资源是不可或缺的，但有时却得不到。
Because of the main costs, as you know, we don’t receive those inputs at the time required and when we don’t really need it. Thank you. 因为主要的成本问题，如您所知，我们无法在需要的时候及时获得那些投入品。谢谢。
President Obama: My Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack, joined me in this delegation. I don’t know if he's here today. But I know that he's been meeting with Cuban government officials about how we can accelerate cooperation between U.S. farmers and Cuban farmers. 奥巴马总统：我的农业部长汤姆·维尔萨克随我一同出访。我不知道他今天是否在场。但我知道，他一直在与古巴政府官员会面，讨论如何加快美国农民与古巴农民之间的合作。
We have programs all around the world that are designed to advance technologies, specifically for small farmers, not just for big farmers -- because the truth of the matter is, the U.S. agricultural industry, which is the largest in the world, oftentimes may have systems that are not perfectly adapted to smaller-scale cooperative farming. 我们在世界各地都有项目，旨在推广技术，特别是面向小农户的技术，而不仅仅是针对大农场主——因为事实是，美国农业是世界上最大的农业产业，但其系统可能并不总能完美地适应较小规模的合作社农业。
On the other hand, what you're seeing in terms of agriculture in the United States is a greater and greater interest in what's called organic farming -- less inputs, less chemicals, fewer mono-crops, and more vegetables and fruits that can go directly to the table. And this is part of the First Lady's emphasis on healthier eating. 另一方面，你在美国农业领域看到的是，人们对所谓有机农业的兴趣越来越大——更少的投入、更少的化学品、更少的单一作物种植，更多可以直接端上餐桌的蔬菜和水果。这也是第一夫人倡导健康饮食的一部分。
And the fact that Cuba is so close to the United States means that if you develop fruits and vegetables here, the ability to ship them and immediately get to markets where they can be purchased would be something that could make a big difference in terms of farm incomes here in Cuba. 古巴离美国如此之近，这意味着如果你们在这里种植水果和蔬菜，将它们运输并迅速送到可以购买的市场，这将对古巴的农业收入产生巨大影响。
So this is an area where, again, it's not going to happen overnight, but our hope is that as relationships between the two countries advance and develop, hopefully we'll be getting you some new equipment sometime in the future. 所以在这个领域，同样，这不会一蹴而就，但我们的希望是，随着两国关系的推进和发展，希望在未来的某个时候能为你们带来一些新设备。
Question: Muchas gracias. 提问者：非常感谢。
President Obama: Muchas gracias. 奥巴马总统：非常感谢。
Ms. O'Brien: Dr. Miriam Portuondo Sao is with the health system. She's a specialist in the genetics clinic. Welcome. 奥布莱恩女士：米丽娅姆·波图翁多·绍博士来自卫生系统。她是遗传学诊所的专家。欢迎您。
Question: [As interpreted.] Welcome. For us, it's a pleasure to share with you a little bit on the experience in the field of medical collaboration. I am doctor -- a doctor in medical science, especially in clinical genetics, and professor of the university. And we have had the opportunity to share the medical collaboration, the international one. As you know, it reaches 138 other countries. Over 3,700 health professionals have participated. 提问者：（经口译）欢迎您。对我们来说，很高兴能与您分享一点医疗合作领域的经验。我是一名医生——医学科学博士，专攻临床遗传学，也是大学教授。我们有机会开展国际医疗合作。如您所知，我们的医疗合作遍及138个国家。已有3700多名卫生专业人员参与其中。
And this field of medical collaboration, there are several fields. And you know the recent experience we had and the struggle against the Ebola experience in the countries of Western Africa. From there on, we have had other working lines in which we have cooperated, like the miracle operation that has returned vision to over 2 million people in the rest of the world. We have a special program -- research and action of disability. We have already one experience of handicap people, which we had in our country. 在医疗合作这个领域，有多个方向。您知道我们最近在西非国家抗击埃博拉的经历。从那时起，我们还有其他合作领域，比如"奇迹手术"，已为世界其他地区200多万人恢复了视力。我们有一个特殊项目——残疾研究与行动。我们已经有了在我国开展残疾人工作的经验。
We want to collaborate with the ALBA countries, and this research we want it to be conveyed. Once we research each person with all the disabilities that show up, then we know the true reality of that person. And in those sectors that should be taken care of in a personalized manner, we provide them with a medical special program. And other programs have been developed, like the development of genetics. And community genetics, rehabilitation, those are programs which go from the research and action. 我们希望与美洲玻利瓦尔联盟（ALBA）国家合作，我们希望这项研究能够推广开来。一旦我们研究了每一个人所表现出的所有残疾情况，我们就能了解那个人的真实状况。对于那些需要个性化照料的群体，我们为他们提供专门的医疗方案。我们还开发了其他项目，比如遗传学发展项目。社区遗传学、康复，这些都是从研究到行动的项目。
We also have the possibility to establish collaboration lines, joint ones. And we have possibilities that the health medical services have 17 programs. They are world-class in the country. And we can received patients if they are sent. 我们也有可能建立联合合作线路。我们的医疗服务有17个项目，在国内都是世界一流水平的。我们可以接收转诊来的病人。
And we have lines, like attention and the certification of addiction -- lines which are already dealing with very specific matters for certain regions, and where we could establish other fields of cooperation -- research, academic services, development, clinical trials, especially on cancer, for instance, that could contribute in this link with the pharmaceutical industry. Vaccines, which have already been tried, that shall improve the quality and prolong the life of patients that are limited at this moment. We're willing to cooperate in all these spheres. Thank you. 我们还有一些方向，比如成瘾的治疗和认证——这些方向已经在处理某些地区的非常具体的问题，在这些领域我们可以建立其他合作——研究、学术服务、开发、临床试验，特别是癌症方面的，比如，可以促进与制药业的联系。已经试用的疫苗，将提高目前受限患者的生活质量并延长其生命。我们愿意在所有这些领域开展合作。谢谢。
Ms. O'Brien: You mentioned collaboration. And I'd love to know what could the United States and doctors and the medical profession here in Cuba be working on together. 奥布莱恩女士：您提到了合作。我很想知道，美国和古巴的医生及医疗行业可以在哪些方面共同努力。
President Obama: Well, as I said, Cuba has world-class doctors and nurses. And the field that the doctor mentioned, the transformation that's taking place as we started understanding genetics, mapping the human genome, understanding at a cellular level, the nature of diseases, means that we're in a position in the very near future to start personalizing treatments, because a cancer cell that develops in me may not be the same as one that develops in you, and may require different treatments. But that's just one example of a wide range of areas where collaboration could be very fruitful. 奥巴马总统：正如我所说，古巴拥有世界一流的医生和护士。医生提到的领域，随着我们开始理解遗传学、绘制人类基因组图、在细胞层面理解疾病的本质，正在发生的转变意味着，我们在不久的将来就能够开始个性化治疗，因为我身上的癌细胞可能和你身上的不一样，可能需要不同的治疗方法。但这只是众多合作领域中的一个例子，在这些领域合作可以非常富有成效。
So with the Cuban government, we have agreed to establish and develop over time more and more scientific and research collaborations in the medical area. And one of the things that I've always believed is that knowledge should be disseminated everywhere. 因此，我们已与古巴政府同意，在医疗领域逐步建立和发展越来越多的科学研究合作。我一直坚信的一点是，知识应该在世界各地传播。
And the basis for scientific advancement is the sharing of information and data sets, and our ability to test hypotheses and discoveries and treatments and diagnoses across borders -- because ultimately, regardless of our political and economic systems and our differences, the diseases are the same because we're the same creatures. 科学进步的基础是信息和数据集的共享，以及我们跨越国界检验假设、发现、治疗方法和诊断的能力——因为归根结底，无论我们的政治经济制度如何不同，疾病都是一样的，因为我们都是人类。我们希望确保，如果古巴有治愈方法或有潜力的研究方向，它能够走向全球，同样，如果在美国我们发现了诊断或治疗的潜力，我们也能将其传播到世界各地。
And we want to make sure that if there's a cure or a potential line of research here in Cuba, that that can go global, in the same way that if in the United States, we find a potential ability to diagnose or treat, that we can spread that around the world. 我今天向卡斯特罗主席提到的一个具体例子，就是我们正在进行的寨卡病毒研究工作。不仅仅是寨卡病毒；还有登革热和其他一些蚊媒疾病，由于人们出行增多，这些疾病变得越来越普遍。其中许多实际上是相当简单的病毒。但正因为它们过去非常孤立，大型制药公司和科学研究没有给予太多关注，而现在它们突然迅速蔓延。
One specific example that I mentioned to President Castro today is the work we're doing on Zika. It's just not Zika; it's also dengue and some other mosquito-borne diseases that are becoming more common because people are traveling more. Many of these are actually fairly simple viruses. But it's just because they used to be very isolated, the major drug companies and scientific research didn’t devote a lot of attention to them, and now suddenly they're spreading very quickly. 我们越快获得诊断方法和潜在疫苗，就越能帮助防范这种疾病与新生儿异常之间似乎存在的某些关联。
The faster we can get diagnoses and potential vaccines, the more we can help guard against what appear to be some correlations between this disease and abnormalities in newborns. 但你看，这种疾病在美洲传播得如此之快，这正是美国和古巴应该合作的天然领域。因为不管是美洲玻利瓦尔联盟国家还是美国盟友，蚊子都不在乎国界。它们见人就咬。那些担心病毒可能影响怀孕的妇女们，她们不关心意识形态，她们关心的是确保自己的孩子得到保护。
But you’re seeing this spread so fast across the Americas, this is a natural place where the U.S. and Cuba should be working together. Because it really doesn’t matter whether it's and ALBA country or a U.S. ally, the mosquitos don't care about borders. They’re biting everybody. And the women who are fearful because it may affect their pregnancy, they’re not concerned with ideology, they’re interested in making sure that their children are protected. 所以这是一个很好的、具体的、实实在在的例子，说明我们的合作如何能够推进。
So that's a good, specific, concrete example of how our collaboration can advance. 奥布莱恩女士：最后一位发言者是因迪拉·索蒂略·费尔南德斯。她是IslaDentro的创始人，这可以说是古巴版的"大众点评"。是互联网上的商业、艺术、文化指南。在这里发展当然一直充满挑战。那么请你给我们讲讲你的企业，以及你希望它如何发展。
Ms. O'Brien: Our last speaker is Indhira Sotillo Fernandez. She is the founder of IslaDentro, which is sort of the Yelp of Cuban. Business, artist, cultural guide of the Internet. Certainly has been challenging here. So why don't you tell us a little bit about your business and how you’d like to see it develop. 奥布莱恩女士：最后一位发言者是因迪拉·索蒂略·费尔南德斯。她是IslaDentro的创始人，这可以说是古巴版的"大众点评"。是互联网上的商业、艺术、文化指南。在这里发展当然一直充满挑战。那么请你给我们讲讲你的企业，以及你希望它如何发展。
Question: Good afternoon. My name is Indhira. I represent IslaDentro. It's a guide of vistas for the state and private sector. I am from the private sector and I think I am an entrepreneur. This was a project that came to my hands almost from the air. It just came to me. And in time, I have been transforming it. We have modified until we have reached to this state. If you want to walk around Havana, you should install it in your phone. It includes everything you need, you require. We have restaurants, cafeterias, beauty parlors, and mechanics of almandrones, the old cars. 提问者：下午好。我叫因迪拉。我代表IslaDentro。这是一个面向国有和私营部门的景点指南。我来自私营部门，我认为自己是一名企业家。这个项目几乎是从天而降来到我手中的。它就这样来了。随着时间的推移，我一直在对它进行改造。我们不断修改，直到达到现在的状态。如果你想在哈瓦那逛逛，你应该在手机上安装它。它包含了你需要的一切。我们有餐厅、咖啡馆、美容院，还有老爷车修理工。各种各样的服务都在这类指南里。
All sorts of services are in that type of guide. 这类指南里应有尽有。
My experience in that work, when I began I knew nothing about programming. All I do is empiric. I began to design in an empiric way. I have a very good team that backs me and perfectly understands this, and they put it into practice. 我在这项工作中的经历是，刚开始时我对编程一无所知。我所做的一切都是凭经验。我开始以经验主义的方式进行设计。我有一个非常好的团队支持我，他们完全理解这一点，并将其付诸实践。
One, I want to be the guide of Cuba. I want to be the one representing Cuba abroad -- the guide for all those who come here and move around inside the whole island with the application. To become the guide that represents Cuba, abroad especially. And of course, to have thousands and thousands -- right now, I have hundreds of active profiles in the application, and thousands would be much better. 首先，我想成为古巴的指南。我想成为古巴在海外的代表——为所有来这里、在全岛各地旅行的人提供应用程序指南。成为代表古巴的指南，尤其是在海外。当然，还要有成千上万——目前，应用程序中有数百个活跃的商家资料，如果能有成千上万个就更好了。
President Obama: What’s going to be the one or two things that are going to be most important to you as you develop your business over the next several years, and how can the dialogue between the United States and Cuba be most helpful? Is it capital? Is it having access to international markets? Is it making sure that the Internet is widespread? Is it having trained personnel? Is it your knowledge of how to expand your business and make sure that it actually is generating revenue? What are the things that you think are going to be most important to you? 奥巴马总统：在未来几年发展业务的过程中，对你来说最重要的一两件事是什么？美古之间的对话怎样才能最有帮助？是资金吗？是进入国际市场的渠道吗？是确保互联网普及吗？是拥有训练有素的人员吗？是你关于如何扩展业务、确保其真正产生收入的知识吗？你认为对你最重要的是什么？
Question: A little bit of all you have mentioned. A little bit of all we're going to need. Of course, to open up -- if the Internet is opened up, it will be faster so that abroad they will know what we're doing inside, and it will be easier for anyone arriving, any foreigner, coming with information. That is one of the things. Also, to train ourselves better, it would be another of the urgencies to take into account. A little bit of everything you said. 提问者：您提到的都需要一点。我们所有这些都需要。当然，开放——如果互联网开放了，国外就能更快地知道我们在国内做什么，任何外国人来的时候都能更容易地获取信息。这是其中一点。此外，更好地培训我们自己，这是另一个需要考虑的紧迫问题。您说的这些都需要一点。
President Obama: Well, here is the thing I will say, that Malia and Sasha -- Malia is soon 18, Sasha will soon be 15 -- if they go anywhere, they don't have a book. They don't have maps. Everything is on their phone. And that's true of young people internationally. And so as more and more visitors come to Cuba, I think that the potential for this app is going to be enormous. And so I know that you have the right idea. It's just going to be a matter of execution. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我想说的是，玛丽亚和萨莎——玛丽亚快18岁了，萨莎快15岁了——她们去哪里都不带书，不带地图。一切都在手机上。国际上的年轻人都是这样。因此，随着越来越多的游客来到古巴，我认为这款应用的潜力将是巨大的。所以我知道你的想法是对的。关键在于执行。
And hopefully, with some of the changes that are taking place in terms of government policy, and your own drive, and some of the work that we're doing, for example, where Cisco is training more people in terms of online skills, and maybe some entrepreneurial advice that we're able to obtain through the exchanges that have taken place between our two countries -- when they come here five years from now without me, they’ll know how to find the best restaurant and the best music. They’ll be going to your app. 希望随着政府政策方面正在发生的一些变化，加上你自己的干劲，以及我们正在做的一些工作——比如思科正在培训更多人掌握在线技能，也许还有通过两国之间的交流我们能够提供的一些创业建议——五年后当他们再来这里时，即使我不在了，他们也会知道如何找到最好的餐厅和最好的音乐。他们会使用你的应用程序。
So, good luck. 那么，祝你好运。
Question: Gracias. 提问者：谢谢。
Ms. O'Brien: I’ll just throw out some questions, as well. Where do you think -- I mean, clearly she talked about wanting to learn about entrepreneurship, in addition to capital and all these other things. What do you think is going to be the thing that changes Cuba over the next two, three years that will really help entrepreneurs in this country? 奥布莱恩女士：我也来提几个问题。您认为——显然，她谈到了除了资金和其他所有事情之外，还想学习创业知识。您认为未来两三年内，什么将改变古巴，真正帮助这个国家的企业家？
President Obama: Well, ultimately, it's going to be young people like some of the ones that we've heard who are going to use their own imaginations and ideas to help develop and expand the Cuban economy. 奥巴马总统：归根结底，改变古巴的将是像我们刚才听到的那些年轻人，他们将用自己的想象力和创意帮助发展和壮大古巴经济。
Obviously, the United States has a long history -- we were built on entrepreneurship and on market-based principles. And it has produced wealth that's unmatched in the history of the world. 显然，美国有着悠久的历史——我们建立在创业精神和市场经济原则之上。它创造了世界历史上无与伦比的财富。
I think Cuba, in part because of its history and seeing some of the inequalities that emerged in the old system, have been concerned about what a market-based economy does to the social fabric and to equality and to making sure that the progress that's been made in health care and education, that that's not eroded, and you don't start seeing some of the patterns of inequality that existed before coming back. 我认为古巴，部分是由于其历史，以及看到旧制度中出现的一些不平等现象，一直担心市场经济会对社会结构和平等造成什么影响，担心医疗保健和教育方面取得的进展会被侵蚀，担心以前存在的一些不平等模式会卷土重来。
And I understand those concerns. I will say this, though, that in the 21st century, in a knowledge-based economy, in a global economy, for Cuba to grow it's going to have to find ways to link itself with that global economy. And that's going to require some reforms internally here in Cuba. 我理解这些担忧。不过我要说的是，在21世纪，在知识经济、全球经济中，古巴要实现增长，就必须找到融入全球经济的途径。这需要古巴国内进行一些改革。
And what I said to President Castro was, given some of the history of mistrust between the United States and Cuba, given the fact that our embargo at the moment is still in place, it may be that it's not the United States that is giving them the technical advice they need in terms of how to make some of the changes and reforms in a way that is not overly disruptive. But there are other countries that have done this and made these transitions. There are countries that have a more mixed economy but that have been able to develop strong entrepreneurs and a business class. 我对卡斯特罗主席说的是，考虑到美古之间互不信任的历史，考虑到我们的禁运目前仍然存在，也许提供技术建议的不应该是美国，告诉他们如何以不太具破坏性的方式进行一些变革和改革。但其他国家已经这样做了，成功实现了转型。有些国家实行的是更为混合的经济，但已经能够培养出强大的企业家群体和商业阶层。
And so Cuba should take ideas, steal ideas from wherever you see something working. Now, my advice would be don't steal ideas from places where it's not working. And there are some economic models that just don't work. And that's not an ideological opinion on my part. That's just the objective reality that there’s some economies that have had great difficulty in how they operate, and it gets harder and harder as time goes by. 所以古巴应该借鉴各种经验，从任何行之有效的地方"偷师"。我的建议是，不要从那些行不通的地方借鉴。有些经济模式就是行不通的。这不是我意识形态上的看法。这只是客观现实，有些经济体在运营方面遇到了极大的困难，而且随着时间的推移会越来越难。
So I think that some of what’s going to have to happen will be internal to Cuba. And that's not going to be determined by the United States, that's going to be determined by the Cuban government and the Cuban people. What I can say is that the business leaders -- the U.S. business leaders who are here and the American people are not interested in Cuba failing. We're interested in Cuba succeeding. We're interested in Cuba being a partner with us. 所以我认为，将要发生的一些事情必须由古巴内部来决定。这不会由美国决定，而是由古巴政府和古巴人民决定。我能说的是，商界领袖——在场的美国商界领袖和美国人民——并不希望古巴失败。我们希望古巴成功。我们希望古巴成为我们的合作伙伴。
We're interested in a situation in which businesspeople who are in Miami right now are taking a half hour, 45-minute flight, or however long it takes, and suddenly they’re in a thriving Cuba where they’re partnering with Cuban businesses. Young people like the ones we've met today, they’re developing their own business on their own terms. They may have international partners, but they’re not being dictated to. They’re, in fact, the ones who are guiding their own models and their own prosperity. 我们期待这样一种局面：现在在迈阿密的商人，坐上半小时、45分钟的飞机，或者不管多长时间，突然之间他们来到一个繁荣的古巴，与古巴企业合作。像我们今天见到的年轻人，他们按照自己的方式发展自己的企业。他们可能有国际合作伙伴，但不受人摆布。事实上，他们才是自己模式和自身繁荣的引导者。
That more and more Cubans are seeing the concrete benefits of economic growth, and that that economic leadership, which I believe can be compatible with good education and good health care and equal pay for equal work, and all the principles that President Castro talked about at his press conference -- that's our hope. That's our desire. 越来越多的古巴人正在看到经济增长带来的切实好处，而我相信，这种经济领导力可以与良好的教育、良好的医疗保健、同工同酬以及卡斯特罗主席在记者会上谈到的所有原则相容——这就是我们的希望。这就是我们的愿望。
When I initiated the change in policy, one of my arguments was that if something is not working for 50 years you stop doing it and try something new. And that applies to what the United States is doing. That also applies to what Cuba is doing. 当我启动政策变革时，我的一个论点是，如果一件事50年都不管用，你就应该停止，尝试新的东西。这适用于美国的所作所为，也适用于古巴的所作所为。
And so we both I think are in a time when we should be examining new ideas. But the one thing that this gathering and hopefully my visit should have communicated is the Cuban people have nothing to fear from the United States. And I’ve said to the American people, we have nothing to fear from Cuba. And if we can build that trust, and let these young people develop their talents without fear, then I'm confident that the future of both countries and the cooperation between the two countries is going to be very promising. 因此，我认为我们两国现在都处于一个应该审视新思路的时代。但这次聚会，希望也是我的访问，应该传达的一个信息是，古巴人民对美国没有什么可害怕的。我也对美国人民说过，我们对古巴也没有什么可害怕的。如果我们能够建立信任，让这些年轻人无所畏惧地发展自己的才能，那么我相信，两国的未来以及两国之间的合作将是非常光明的。
So, thank you very much, everybody. 非常感谢各位。