FELLOW-CITIZENS: Being about to retire finally from public life, I beg leave to offer you my grateful thanks for the many proofs of kindness and confidence which I have received at your hands. It has been my fortune in the discharge of public duties, civil and military, frequently to have found myself in difficult and trying situations, where prompt decision and energetic action were necessary, and where the interest of the country required that high responsibilities should be fearlessly encountered; and it is with the deepest emotions of gratitude that I acknowledge the continued and unbroken confidence with which you have sustained me in every trial. 同胞们：即将最终退出公共生活，我恳请允许我向你们表达我对你们给予我的许多善意和信任的感激之情。在履行文职和军职的公共职责过程中，我常常发现自己处于困难和严峻的境地，需要迅速的决断和有力的行动，国家利益要求无畏地承担重大责任；我怀着最深切的感激之情，感谢你们在每一次考验中始终如一、毫不动摇地信任和支持我。
My public life has been a long one, and I can not hope that it has at all times been free from errors; but I have the consolation of knowing that if mistakes have been committed they have not seriously injured the country I so anxiously endeavored to serve, and at the moment when I surrender my last public trust I leave this great people prosperous and happy, in the full enjoyment of liberty and peace, and honored and respected by every nation of the world. 我的公共生活漫长，我不能指望它始终没有错误；但我感到欣慰的是，即使犯过错误，它们也没有严重伤害我如此急切地努力服务的国家，在我交出最后一项公共职责的时刻，我留下的是一个繁荣幸福的伟大民族，充分享受着自由与和平，并受到世界各国的尊敬。
If my humble efforts have in any degree contributed to preserve to you these blessings, I have been more than rewarded by the honors you have heaped upon me, and, above all, by the generous confidence with which you have supported me in every peril, and with which you have continued to animate and cheer my path to the closing hour of my political life. 如果我微薄的努力在某种程度上有助于为你们保存这些福祉，那么你们给予我的荣誉，尤其是在每一次危难中支持我的慷慨信任，以及在我政治生涯的最后时刻继续激励和鼓舞我的信任，已经远远超过了我的回报。
The time has now come when advanced age and a broken frame warn me to retire from public concerns, but the recollection of the many favors you have bestowed upon me is engraven upon my heart, and I have felt that I could not part from your service without making this public acknowledgment of the gratitude I owe you. And if I use the occasion to offer to you the counsels of age and experience, you will, I trust, receive them with the same indulgent kindness which you have so often extended to me, and will at least see in them an earnest desire to perpetuate in this favored land the blessings of liberty and equal law. 如今，年迈体衰警告我退出公共事务，但你们给予我的诸多恩惠的记忆铭刻在我的心中，我感到如果不公开表达我对你们的感激之情，我就无法离开你们的服务。如果我借此机会向你们提出来自岁月和经验的忠告，我相信你们会以一贯给予我的宽容和善意来接受它们，至少会从中看到在这片受眷顾的土地上永久保持自由与平等法律福祉的真诚愿望。
We have now lived almost fifty years under the Constitution framed by the sages and patriots of the Revolution. The conflicts in which the nations of Europe were engaged during a great part of this period, the spirit in which they waged war against each other, and our intimate commercial connections with every part of the civilized world rendered it a time of much difficulty for the Government of the United States. 我们在革命先贤制定的宪法下生活了近五十年。在此期间的大部分时间里，欧洲各国卷入的冲突、它们相互征战的精神，以及我们与文明世界各个部分的密切商业联系，使这段时期对美利坚合众国政府来说充满困难。
We have had our seasons of peace and of war, with all the evils which precede or follow a state of hostility with powerful nations. We encountered these trials with our Constitution yet in its infancy, and under the disadvantages which a new and untried government must always feel when it is called upon to put forth its whole strength without the lights of experience to guide it or the weight of precedents to justify its measures. 我们经历过和平与战争的时期，以及与强国敌对状态之前或之后的所有祸患。我们在宪法尚处于襁褓之中时就遭遇了这些考验，并且面临着一个新的、未经考验的政府在被要求全力行动时必然会感到的种种不利条件——没有经验的指引，也没有先例的分量来证明其措施的正当性。
But we have passed triumphantly through all these difficulties. Our Constitution is no longer a doubtful experiment, and at the end of nearly half a century we find that it has preserved unimpaired the liberties of the people, secured the rights of property, and that our country has improved and is flourishing beyond any former example in the history of nations. 但我们已经胜利地度过了所有这些困难。我们的宪法不再是一个可疑的试验，在近半个世纪结束之际，我们发现它完好无损地保护了人民的自由，保障了财产权利，我们的国家在改善和繁荣方面超越了历史上任何先例。
In our domestic concerns there is everything to encourage us, and if you are true to yourselves nothing can impede your march to the highest point of national prosperity. The States which had so long been retarded in their improvement by the Indian tribes residing in the midst of them are at length relieved from the evil, and this unhappy race--the original dwellers in our land--are now placed in a situation where we may well hope that they will share in the blessings of civilization and be saved from that degradation and destruction to which they were rapidly hastening while they remained in the States. 在国内事务方面，一切都令人鼓舞，如果你们忠于自己，没有任何东西能够阻挡你们迈向国家繁荣的最高顶点。长期以来因印第安部落居住其中而发展受阻的各州，终于摆脱了这一祸患；这个不幸的种族——我们这片土地上的原始居民——现在被安置在一个我们完全有理由希望他们能够分享文明福祉、并避免他们在各州时迅速走向的堕落和毁灭的境地。
While the safety and comfort of our own citizens have been greatly promoted by their removal, the philanthropist will rejoice that the remnant of that ill-fated race has been at length placed beyond the reach of injury or oppression, and that the paternal care of the General Government will hereafter watch over them and protect them. 虽然印第安人的迁移极大地促进了我们公民的安全与舒适，但慈善家会感到欣慰的是，这个命运多舛的种族的残余终于被置于伤害和压迫无法触及的地方，联邦政府的慈父般关怀将从此守护他们、保护他们。
If we turn to our relations with foreign powers, we find our condition equally gratifying. Actuated by the sincere desire to do justice to every nation and to preserve the blessings of peace, our intercourse with them has been conducted on the part of this Government in the spirit of frankness; and I take pleasure in saying that it has generally been met in a corresponding temper. 如果我们审视与外国的关系，我们的状况同样令人欣慰。出于对每个国家主持正义和维护和平福祉的真诚愿望，本政府以坦率的精神处理与各国的交往；我高兴地说，这种精神总体上得到了相应的回应。
Difficulties of old standing have been surmounted by friendly discussion and the mutual desire to be just, and the claims of our citizens, which had been long withheld, have at length been acknowledged and adjusted and satisfactory arrangements made for their final payment; and with a limited, and I trust a temporary, exception, our relations with every foreign power are now of the most friendly character, our commerce continually expanding, and our flag respected in every quarter of the world. 长期存在的困难通过友好讨论和相互主持正义的愿望得到了克服，我国公民长期被拖延的索赔终于得到承认和调整，并为最终支付做出了令人满意的安排；除了有限的、我相信是暂时的例外，我们与每一个外国的关系现在都最为友好，我们的商业不断扩大，我们的国旗在世界每一个角落都受到尊重。
These cheering and grateful prospects and these multiplied favors we owe, under Providence, to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. It is no longer a question whether this great country can remain happily united and flourish under our present form of government. Experience, the unerring test of all human undertakings, has shown the wisdom and foresight of those who formed it, and has proved that in the union of these States there is a sure foundation for the brightest hopes of freedom and for the happiness of the people. At every hazard and by every sacrifice this Union must be preserved. 这些令人振奋和感激的前景以及这些多重恩惠，在天意之下，归功于联邦宪法的通过。这个伟大的国家能否在我们现行的政府形式下保持幸福的统一和繁荣，已不再是一个问题。经验——所有人类事业的可靠检验——已经证明了制定宪法的人们的智慧和远见，并证明在这些州的联合中，存在着自由最光明希望和人民幸福的坚实基础。在任何危险下，以任何牺牲，这个联邦都必须得到维护。
The necessity of watching with jealous anxiety for the preservation of the Union was earnestly pressed upon his fellow-citizens by the Father of his Country in his Farewell Address. He has there told us that "while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands;" and he has cautioned us in the strongest terms against the formation of parties on geographical discriminations, as one of the means which might disturb our Union and to which designing men would be likely to resort. 国父在他的告别演说中恳切地向同胞们强调了警惕维护联邦的必要性。他在那里告诉我们："只要经验尚未证明联邦的不可行性，就总是有理由不信任那些在任何地区可能试图削弱联邦纽带的人的爱国心"；他还以最强烈的措辞告诫我们，反对基于地域歧视形成政党，因为这是可能扰乱联邦的手段之一，而别有用心的人很可能会利用这种手段。
The lessons contained in this invaluable legacy of Washington to his countrymen should be cherished in the heart of every citizen to the latest generation; and perhaps at no period of time could they be more usefully remembered than at the present moment; for when we look upon the scenes that are passing around us and dwell upon the pages of his parting address, his paternal counsels would seem to be not merely the offspring of wisdom and foresight, but the voice of prophecy, foretelling events and warning us of the evil to come. 华盛顿留给同胞们的这份无价遗产中包含的教训，应该被每一位公民铭记于心，直至最遥远的后代；也许在任何时期，这些教训都不如现在这样值得铭记；因为当我们审视周围正在发生的景象，思考他的告别演说的篇章时，他慈父般的忠告似乎不仅是智慧和远见的产物，更是预言的声音，预示着事件并警告我们即将到来的邪恶。
Forty years have passed since this imperishable document was given to his countrymen. The Federal Constitution was then regarded by him as an experiment--and he so speaks of it in his Address--but an experiment upon the success of which the best hopes of his country depended; and we all know that he was prepared to lay down his life, if necessary, to secure to it a full and a fair trial. The trial has been made. It has succeeded beyond the proudest hopes of those who framed it. Every quarter of this widely extended nation has felt its blessings and shared in the general prosperity produced by its adoption. 自从这份不朽的文献问世以来，四十年已经过去。当时他将联邦宪法视为一项试验——他在演说中也是如此表述的——但这项试验的成功关系到他的国家最美好的希望；我们都知道，他准备在必要时献出生命，以确保宪法得到充分和公正的检验。检验已经进行了。它的成功超出了制定者最自豪的期望。这个幅员辽阔的国家的每一个角落都感受到了它带来的福祉，并分享了因采纳它而产生的普遍繁荣。
But amid this general prosperity and splendid success the dangers of which he warned us are becoming every day more evident, and the signs of evil are sufficiently apparent to awaken the deepest anxiety in the bosom of the patriot. We behold systematic efforts publicly made to sow the seeds of discord between different parts of the United States and to place party divisions directly upon geographical distinctions; to excite the South against the North and the North against the South, and to force into the controversy the most delicate and exciting topics--topics upon which it is impossible that a large portion of the Union can ever speak without strong emotion. 但在这普遍繁荣和辉煌成就之中，他警告过我们的危险正变得日益明显，邪恶的迹象足以唤醒爱国者内心最深切的焦虑。我们看到有人公开地、有计划地努力在联邦不同地区之间播下不和的种子，并将党派分歧直接建立在地域差异之上；煽动南方反对北方、北方反对南方，并将最微妙和最激动人心的话题强行带入争论——这些话题是联邦很大一部分地区永远无法不带强烈情感地谈论的。
Appeals, too, are constantly made to sectional interests in order to influence the election of the Chief Magistrate, as if it were desired that he should favor a particular quarter of the country instead of fulfilling the duties of his station with impartial justice to all; and the possible dissolution of the Union has at length become an ordinary and familiar subject of discussion. 此外，为了影响首席行政长官的选举，人们不断诉诸地区利益，仿佛希望他偏袒国家的某个特定地区，而不是以公正无私的态度履行其职责；联邦可能解体的问题，最终已成为普通和熟悉的讨论话题。
Has the warning voice of Washington been forgotten, or have designs already been formed to sever the Union? Let it not be supposed that I impute to all of those who have taken an active part in these unwise and unprofitable discussions a want of patriotism or of public virtue. The honorable feeling of State pride and local attachments finds a place in the bosoms of the most enlightened and pure. 华盛顿的警告之声是否已被遗忘，还是已经形成了分裂联邦的计划？不要以为我将缺乏爱国心或公共美德归咎于所有参与这些不明智和无益讨论的人。州的自豪感和地方依恋之情在最开明和纯洁的人心中都有其位置。
But while such men are conscious of their own integrity and honesty of purpose, they ought never to forget that the citizens of other States are their political brethren, and that however mistaken they may be in their views, the great body of them are equally honest and upright with themselves. Mutual suspicions and reproaches may in time create mutual hostility, and artful and designing men will always be found who are ready to foment these fatal divisions and to inflame the natural jealousies of different sections of the country. The history of the world is full of such examples, and especially the history of republics. 但虽然这些人意识到自己的正直和目的的诚实，他们绝不应忘记其他州的公民是他们的政治同胞，无论他们的观点可能多么错误，他们中的大多数人与他们自己一样诚实正直。相互的猜疑和指责可能会在时间中产生相互的敌意，而总会有狡猾和别有用心的人准备煽动这些致命的分裂，并激起国家不同地区自然的嫉妒。世界历史充满了这样的例子，尤其是共和国的历史。
What have you to gain by division and dissension? Delude not yourselves with the belief that a breach once made may be afterwards repaired. If the Union is once severed, the line of separation will grow wider and wider, and the controversies which are now debated and settled in the halls of legislation will then be tried in fields of battle and determined by the sword. 分裂和纷争能给你们带来什么好处？不要自欺欺人地相信，一旦造成裂痕，以后还能修复。如果联邦一旦分裂，分裂的界限将越来越宽，现在在立法大厅辩论和解决的争议，届时将在战场上考验并由刀剑决定。
Neither should you deceive yourselves with the hope that the first line of separation would be the permanent one, and that nothing but harmony and concord would be found in the new associations formed upon the dissolution of this Union. Local interests would still be found there, and unchastened ambition. 你们也不应欺骗自己，以为第一条分裂线将是永久的，以为在联邦解体后形成的新联盟中只会有和谐与一致。那里仍然会有地方利益和不受约束的野心。
And if the recollection of common dangers, in which the people of these United States stood side by side against the common foe, the memory of victories won by their united valor, the prosperity and happiness they have enjoyed under the present Constitution, the proud name they bear as citizens of this great Republic--if all these recollections and proofs of common interest are not strong enough to bind us together as one people, what tie will hold united the new divisions of empire when these bonds have been broken and this Union dissevered? 如果在共同危险中，合众国人民并肩对抗共同敌人的回忆，他们凭借联合英勇赢得胜利的记忆，他们在现行宪法下享受的繁荣与幸福，他们作为这个伟大共和国公民所拥有的自豪称号——如果所有这些共同利益的回忆和证据不足以将我们作为一个民族团结在一起，那么当这些纽带断裂、联邦解体时，什么纽带将把帝国的新分裂部分团结在一起？
The first line of separation would not last for a single generation; new fragments would be torn off, new leaders would spring up, and this great and glorious Republic would soon be broken into a multitude of petty States, without commerce, without credit, jealous of one another, armed for mutual aggression, loaded with taxes to pay armies and leaders, seeking aid against each other from foreign powers, insulted and trampled upon by the nations of Europe. 第一条分裂线不会持续一代人；新的碎片将被撕裂，新的领导人将崛起，这个伟大而光荣的共和国很快将分裂成无数小国，没有商业，没有信誉，相互嫉妒，武装起来相互侵略，背负着支付军队和领导人的税收，寻求外国势力的援助，被欧洲各国侮辱和践踏。
Until, harassed with conflicts and humbled and debased in spirit, they would be ready to submit to the absolute dominion of any military adventurer and to surrender their liberty for the sake of repose. It is impossible to look on the consequences that would inevitably follow the destruction of this Government and not feel indignant when we hear cold calculations about the value of the Union and have so constantly before us a line of conduct so well calculated to weaken its ties. 直到在冲突的困扰下，精神上变得谦卑和堕落，他们将准备屈从于任何军事冒险家的绝对统治，并为了安宁而放弃自由。当我们听到关于联邦价值的冷静计算，并不断看到如此精心策划以削弱其纽带的行为时，看到政府毁灭必然带来的后果，不可能不感到愤慨。
There is too much at stake to allow pride or passion to influence your decision. Never for a moment believe that the great body of the citizens of any State or States can deliberately intend to do wrong. They may, under the influence of temporary excitement or misguided opinions, commit mistakes; they may be misled for a time by the suggestions of self-interest. 事关重大，不容骄傲或激情影响你们的决定。永远不要相信任何一个州或几个州的大多数公民会故意做错事。他们可能在一时激动或错误意见的影响下犯错；他们可能暂时被自身利益的建议所误导。
But in a community so enlightened and patriotic as the people of the United States argument will soon make them sensible of their errors, and when convinced they will be ready to repair them. If they have no higher or better motives to govern them, they will at least perceive that their own interest requires them to be just to others, as they hope to receive justice at their hands. 但在像合众国人民这样开明和爱国的社区中，理性的辩论很快会使他们意识到自己的错误，一旦确信，他们就会准备改正。如果他们没有更高或更好的动机来指导自己，他们至少会认识到，自己的利益要求他们对他人公正，正如他们希望从他人那里得到公正对待一样。
But in order to maintain the Union unimpaired it is absolutely necessary that the laws passed by the constituted authorities should be faithfully executed in every part of the country, and that every good citizen should at all times stand ready to put down, with the combined force of the nation, every attempt at unlawful resistance, under whatever pretext it may be made or whatever shape it may assume. 但为了维护联邦完好无损，绝对必要的是，由合法当局通过的法律应在全国每个地方得到忠实执行，每个善良的公民应随时准备以国家的联合力量镇压任何非法抵抗的企图，无论其借口如何或形式如何。
Unconstitutional or oppressive laws may no doubt be passed by Congress, either from erroneous views or the want of due consideration; if they are within the reach of judicial authority, the remedy is easy and peaceful; and if, from the character of the law, it is an abuse of power not within the control of the judiciary, then free discussion and calm appeals to reason and to the justice of the people will not fail to redress the wrong. 国会无疑可能因错误观点或缺乏应有的考虑而通过违宪或压迫性的法律；如果这些法律在司法权的范围内，补救措施是容易和和平的；如果由于法律的性质，它是一种不受司法控制的权力滥用，那么自由讨论和冷静地诉诸理性和人民的正义，将不会不能纠正错误。
But until the law shall be declared void by the courts or repealed by Congress no individual or combination of individuals can be justified in forcibly resisting its execution. It is impossible that any government can continue to exist upon any other principles. It would cease to be a government and be unworthy of the name if it had not the power to enforce the execution of its own laws within its own sphere of action. 但在法院宣布法律无效或国会废除法律之前，任何个人或个人团体都没有理由强行抵制其执行。任何政府都不可能根据任何其他原则继续存在。如果它没有权力在自己的行动范围内强制执行自己的法律，它就不再是一个政府，不配享有这个名称。
It is true that cases may be imagined disclosing such a settled purpose of usurpation and oppression on the part of the Government as would justify an appeal to arms. These, however, are extreme cases, which we have no reason to apprehend in a government where the power is in the hands of a patriotic people. 确实可以想象，政府方面存在既定的篡权和压迫目的，足以证明诉诸武力是正当的。然而，这些是极端情况，在一个权力掌握在爱国人民手中的政府中，我们没有理由担心。
And no citizen who loves his country would in any case whatever resort to forcible resistance unless he clearly saw that the time had come when a freeman should prefer death to submission; for if such a struggle is once begun, and the citizens of one section of the country arrayed in arms against those of another in doubtful conflict, let the battle result as it may, there will be an end of the Union and with it an end to the hopes of freedom. The victory of the injured would not secure to them the blessings of liberty; it would avenge their wrongs, but they would themselves share in the common ruin. 任何热爱自己国家的公民，在任何情况下都不会诉诸武力抵抗，除非他清楚地看到，一个自由人应该宁愿死亡也不愿屈服的时刻已经到来；因为如果这样的斗争一旦开始，国家一个地区的公民武装起来对抗另一个地区的公民，进行胜负难料的冲突，无论战斗结果如何，联邦将不复存在，自由的希望也将随之破灭。受伤害者的胜利不会为他们确保自由的福祉；它会为他们的冤屈复仇，但他们自己也将分享共同的毁灭。
But the Constitution can not be maintained nor the Union preserved, in opposition to public feeling, by the mere exertion of the coercive powers confided to the General Government. The foundations must be laid in the affections of the people, in the security it gives to life, liberty, character, and property in every quarter of the country, and in the fraternal attachment which the citizens of the several States bear to one another as members of one political family, mutually contributing to promote the happiness of each other. 但是，仅仅依靠赋予联邦政府的强制权力，无法违背公众情感来维护宪法或保存联邦。基础必须奠定在人民的感情之上，奠定在它在全国每个角落给予生命、自由、人格和财产的安全之上，奠定在各州公民作为一个政治家庭的成员相互之间的兄弟般依恋之上，他们相互促进彼此的幸福。
Hence the citizens of every State should studiously avoid everything calculated to wound the sensibility or offend the just pride of the people of other States, and they should frown upon any proceedings within their own borders likely to disturb the tranquillity of their political brethren in other portions of the Union. 因此，每个州的公民都应认真避免一切可能伤害其他州人民感情或冒犯他们正当自豪感的事情，并应反对在自己境内可能扰乱联邦其他部分政治同胞安宁的任何行为。
In a country so extensive as the United States, and with pursuits so varied, the internal regulations of the several States must frequently differ from one another in important particulars, and this difference is unavoidably increased by the varying principles upon which the American colonies were originally planted--principles which had taken deep root in their social relations before the Revolution, and therefore of necessity influencing their policy since they became free and independent States. 在像合众国这样幅员辽阔、追求多样的国家，各州的内部规定必然在重要细节上经常有所不同，这种差异不可避免地因美国殖民地最初建立时的不同原则而加剧——这些原则在革命前已深深扎根于他们的社会关系中，因此必然影响他们成为自由独立州后的政策。
But each State has the unquestionable right to regulate its own internal concerns according to its own pleasure, and while it does not interfere with the rights of the people of other States or the rights of the Union, every State must be the sole judge of the measures proper to secure the safety of its citizens and promote their happiness. 但每个州都有不容置疑的权利根据自己的意愿管理自己的内部事务，只要不干涉其他州人民的权利或联邦的权利，每个州都必须是决定确保其公民安全和促进其幸福的适当措施的唯一法官。
All efforts on the part of people of other States to cast odium upon their institutions, and all measures calculated to disturb their rights of property or to put in jeopardy their peace and internal tranquillity, are in direct opposition to the spirit in which the Union was formed, and must endanger its safety. Motives of philanthropy may be assigned for this unwarrantable interference, and weak men may persuade themselves for a moment that they are laboring in the cause of humanity and asserting the rights of the human race. 其他州人民对其制度的诋毁努力，以及任何旨在扰乱其财产权利或危及他们和平与内部安宁的措施，都直接违背了联邦形成的精神，并必然危及联邦的安全。可以为这种无端干涉分配慈善的动机，软弱的人可能一时说服自己，他们是在为人类事业奋斗，在维护人类的权利。
But everyone, upon sober reflection, will see that nothing but mischief can come from these improper assaults upon the feelings and rights of others. Rest assured that the men found busy in this work of discord are not worthy of your confidence, and deserve your strongest reprobation. 但每个人在冷静反思后都会看到，这些对他人感情和权利的不当攻击只会带来祸害。放心吧，那些忙于制造不和的人不值得你们信任，应该受到你们最强烈的谴责。
In the legislation of Congress also, and in every measure of the General Government, justice to every portion of the United States should be faithfully observed. No free government can stand without virtue in the people and a lofty spirit of patriotism, and if the sordid feelings of mere selfishness shall usurp the place which ought to be filled by public spirit, the legislation of Congress will soon be converted into a scramble for personal and sectional advantages. 在国会的立法中，以及在联邦政府的每一项措施中，都应忠实遵守对合众国每个部分的正义。没有人民的美德和崇高的爱国精神，任何自由政府都无法立足，如果纯粹自私的卑鄙情感篡夺了公共精神应占据的位置，国会的立法很快就会变成争夺个人和地区利益的混战。
Under our free institutions the citizens of every quarter of our country are capable of attaining a high degree of prosperity and happiness without seeking to profit themselves at the expense of others; and every such attempt must in the end fail to succeed, for the people in every part of the United States are too enlightened not to understand their own rights and interests and to detect and defeat every effort to gain undue advantages over them. 在我们的自由制度下，我国每个角落的公民都能够在不损害他人利益的情况下获得高度的繁荣和幸福；每一次这样的尝试最终都必然失败，因为合众国各地的人民太开明了，不会不理解自己的权利和利益，不会不发现并挫败每一次试图获得不当优势的努力。
When such designs are discovered it naturally provokes resentments which can not always be easily allayed. Justice--full and ample justice to every portion of the United States should be the ruling principle of every freeman, and should guide the deliberations of every public body, whether it be State or national. 当这些图谋被发现时，自然会激起并非总能轻易平息的怨恨。正义——对合众国每个部分的充分和完全的正义——应该是每个自由人的指导原则，并应指导每个公共机构的审议，无论是州级还是国家级。
It is well known that there have always been those amongst us who wish to enlarge the powers of the General Government, and experience would seem to indicate that there is a tendency on the part of this Government to overstep the boundaries marked out for it by the Constitution. Its legitimate authority is abundantly sufficient for all the purposes for which it was created, and its powers being expressly enumerated, there can be no justification for claiming anything beyond them. 众所周知，我们中间总有一些人希望扩大联邦政府的权力，经验似乎表明，这个政府有一种超越宪法为其划定的界限的倾向。其合法权力对于其创建的所有目的来说已经足够充分，其权力是明确列举的，没有理由要求超出这些权力的任何东西。
Every attempt to exercise power beyond these limits should be promptly and firmly opposed, for one evil example will lead to other measures still more mischievous; and if the principle of constructive powers or supposed advantages or temporary circumstances shall ever be permitted to justify the assumption of a power not given by the Constitution, the General Government will before long absorb all the powers of legislation, and you will have in effect but one consolidated government. 每一次试图超越这些限制行使权力的行为都应立即坚决反对，因为一个邪恶的例子会导致其他更具危害性的措施；如果建设性权力原则或所谓的优势或临时情况被允许证明行使宪法未赋予的权力是正当的，联邦政府不久就会吸收所有立法权力，你们实际上将只有一个集权政府。
From the extent of our country, its diversified interests, different pursuits, and different habits, it is too obvious for argument that a single consolidated government would be wholly inadequate to watch over and protect its interests; and every friend of our free institutions should be always prepared to maintain unimpaired and in full vigor the rights and sovereignty of the States and to confine the action of the General Government strictly to the sphere of its appropriate duties. 从我们国家的幅员、多样化的利益、不同的追求和不同的习惯来看，一个单一的集权政府完全不足以监督和保护其利益，这是不言自明的；每个自由制度的朋友都应随时准备维护各州的权利和主权不受损害并充满活力，并将联邦政府的行动严格限制在其适当职责的范围内。
There is, perhaps, no one of the powers conferred on the Federal Government so liable to abuse as the taxing power. The most productive and convenient sources of revenue were necessarily given to it, that it might be able to perform the important duties imposed upon it; and the taxes which it lays upon commerce being concealed from the real payer in the price of the article, they do not so readily attract the attention of the people as smaller sums demanded from them directly by the taxgatherer. 也许，联邦政府赋予的权力中，没有一项比征税权更容易被滥用。最具生产力和便利性的收入来源必然被赋予它，使其能够履行强加于它的重要职责；它对商业征收的税款在商品价格中被隐藏起来，不被实际纳税人看到，因此不像税务员直接向他们征收的较小款项那样容易引起人们的注意。
But the tax imposed on goods enhances by so much the price of the commodity to the consumer, and as many of these duties are imposed on articles of necessity which are daily used by the great body of the people, the money raised by these imposts is drawn from their pockets. Congress has no right under the Constitution to take money from the people unless it is required to execute some one of the specific powers intrusted to the Government; and if they raise more than is necessary for such purposes, it is an abuse of the power of taxation, and unjust and oppressive. 但对商品征收的税款使商品价格对消费者提高了相应的数额，由于许多这些税款是对广大人民日常使用的必需品征收的，这些税款筹集的资金是从他们的口袋中取出的。国会根据宪法无权向人民征税，除非是为了执行赋予政府的某项特定权力；如果他们征收的税款超过了这些目的所需，那就是滥用征税权，是不公正和压迫性的。
It may indeed happen that the revenue will sometimes exceed the amount anticipated when the taxes were laid. When, however, this is ascertained, it is easy to reduce them, and in such a case it is unquestionably the duty of the Government to reduce them, for no circumstances can justify it in assuming a power not given to it by the Constitution nor in taking away the money of the people when it is not needed for the legitimate wants of the Government. 确实，有时税收会超过征税时预期的数额。然而，当这一点确定后，很容易降低税率，在这种情况下，政府无疑有责任降低税率，因为任何情况都不能证明它行使宪法未赋予的权力或在政府合法需要之外拿走人民的钱是正当的。
Plain as these principles appear to be, you will yet find there is a constant effort to induce the General Government to go beyond the limits of its taxing power and to impose unnecessary burdens upon the people. Many powerful interests are continually at work to procure heavy duties on commerce and to swell the revenue beyond the real necessities of the public service, and the country has already felt the injurious effects of their combined influence. 尽管这些原则看起来很清楚，但你们仍然会发现，不断有人努力诱使联邦政府超越其征税权的限制，向人民施加不必要的负担。许多强大的利益集团不断努力争取高额商业关税，并将收入扩大到公共服务实际需求之外，国家已经感受到了它们联合影响的有害影响。
They succeeded in obtaining a tariff of duties bearing most oppressively on the agricultural and laboring classes of society and producing a revenue that could not be usefully employed within the range of the powers conferred upon Congress, and in order to fasten upon the people this unjust and unequal system of taxation extravagant schemes of internal improvement were got up in various quarters to squander the money and to purchase support. 他们成功地获得了一套关税，对社会的农业和劳动阶级造成了最沉重的负担，并产生了超出国会授予权力范围的收入，为了让人民接受这种不公正和不平等的税收制度，各地提出了奢侈的内部改进计划来挥霍这笔钱并争取支持。
Thus one unconstitutional measure was intended to be upheld by another, and the abuse of the power of taxation was to be maintained by usurping the power of expending the money in internal improvements. You can not have forgotten the severe and doubtful struggle through which we passed when the executive department of the Government by its veto endeavored to arrest this prodigal scheme of injustice and to bring back the legislation of Congress to the boundaries prescribed by the Constitution. 因此，一项违宪措施打算用另一项来维持，征税权的滥用将通过篡夺在内政改进方面支出资金的权力来维持。你们一定不会忘记我们经历的激烈而艰难的斗争，当时政府行政部门通过否决努力阻止这一浪费的不公正计划，并将国会的立法带回宪法规定的界限内。
The good sense and practical judgment of the people when the subject was brought before them sustained the course of the Executive, and this plan of unconstitutional expenditures for the purposes of corrupt influence is, I trust, finally overthrown. 当这个问题提交给人民时，他们的良好判断力和实际智慧支持了行政部门的做法，我相信，这种为腐败影响目的进行违宪支出的计划最终被推翻了。
The result of this decision has been felt in the rapid extinguishment of the public debt and the large accumulation of a surplus in the Treasury, notwithstanding the tariff was reduced and is now very far below the amount originally contemplated by its advocates. 尽管关税降低了，现在远低于其倡导者最初设想的数额，但这一决定的结果已经体现在公共债务的迅速清偿和财政部的大量盈余积累上。
But, rely upon it, the design to collect an extravagant revenue and to burden you with taxes beyond the economical wants of the Government is not yet abandoned. The various interests which have combined together to impose a heavy tariff and to produce an overflowing Treasury are too strong and have too much at stake to surrender the contest. 但是，请相信，征收过多收入并以超出政府经济需求的税款负担你们的计划尚未放弃。联合起来强加高额关税并产生过多财政收入的各种利益集团太强大了，有太多利害关系，不会放弃这场斗争。
The corporations and wealthy individuals who are engaged in large manufacturing establishments desire a high tariff to increase their gains. Designing politicians will support it to conciliate their favor and to obtain the means of profuse expenditure for the purpose of purchasing influence in other quarters. 从事大型制造业的公司和富裕个人希望高额关税增加他们的收益。别有用心的政客会支持它以博取他们的好感，并获得大量支出的手段，以便在其他地区争取影响力。
Since the people have decided that the Federal Government can not be permitted to employ its income in internal improvements, efforts will be made to seduce and mislead the citizens of the several States by holding out to them the deceitful prospect of benefits to be derived from a surplus revenue collected by the General Government and annually divided among the States. 既然人民已经决定不允许联邦政府将其收入用于内部改进，人们将努力通过向各州公民展示从联邦政府征收的盈余收入中每年分配给各州的虚假利益前景来诱惑和误导他们。
If, encouraged by these fallacious hopes, the States should disregard the principles of economy which ought to characterize every republican government, and should indulge in lavish expenditures exceeding their resources, they will before long find themselves oppressed with debts which they are unable to pay, and the temptation will become irresistible to support a high tariff in order to obtain a surplus for distribution. 如果各州在这些错误希望的鼓励下，无视每个共和政府应有的节约原则，并沉溺于超出其资源的奢侈支出，他们不久就会发现自己背负着无法偿还的债务，支持高额关税以获得可分配盈余的诱惑将变得不可抗拒。
Do not allow yourselves, my fellow-citizens, to be misled on this subject. The Federal Government can not collect a surplus for such purposes without violating the principles of the Constitution and assuming powers which have not been granted. It is, moreover, a system of injustice, and if persisted in will inevitably lead to corruption, and must end in ruin. 同胞们，不要在这个问题上被误导。联邦政府不能为这样的目的征收盈余，而不违反宪法原则并行使未被授予的权力。此外，这是一种不公正的制度，如果坚持下去，必然导致腐败，并最终导致毁灭。
The surplus revenue will be drawn from the pockets of the people--from the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society; but who will receive it when distributed among the States, where it is to be disposed of by leading State politicians, who have friends to favor and political partisans to gratify? It will certainly not be returned to those who paid it and who have most need of it and are honestly entitled to it. 盈余收入将从人民的口袋中取出——从农民、工匠和劳动阶级的口袋中取出；但当它分配给各州时，谁将收到它？它将由各州的主要政客支配，他们有朋友要偏袒，有政治党羽要取悦。它肯定不会返还给那些支付它的人，那些最需要它并理应得到它的人。
There is but one safe rule, and that is to confine the General Government rigidly within the sphere of its appropriate duties. It has no power to raise a revenue or impose taxes except for the purposes enumerated in the Constitution, and if its income is found to exceed these wants it should be forthwith reduced and the burden of the people so far lightened. 只有一个安全的规则，那就是将联邦政府严格限制在其适当职责的范围内。它除了宪法列举的目的外，没有权力征税或收税，如果其收入超过这些需求，应立即降低税率，减轻人民的负担。
In reviewing the conflicts which have taken place between different interests in the United States and the policy pursued since the adoption of our present form of Government, we find nothing that has produced such deep-seated evil as the course of legislation in relation to the currency. The Constitution of the United States unquestionably intended to secure to the people a circulating medium of gold and silver. 在回顾合众国不同利益集团之间发生的冲突以及自我们现行政府形式通过以来所奉行的政策时，我们发现，没有任何事情像货币立法那样产生如此根深蒂固的邪恶。合众国宪法无疑旨在为人民提供一种金和银的流通媒介。
But the establishment of a national bank by Congress, with the privilege of issuing paper money receivable in the payment of the public dues, and the unfortunate course of legislation in the several States upon the same subject, drove from general circulation the constitutional currency and substituted one of paper in its place. 但国会设立的国家银行，拥有发行可用于支付公共款项的纸币的特权，以及各州在同一问题上不幸的立法进程，将宪法规定的货币从普遍流通中驱逐出去，并用纸币取而代之。
It was not easy for men engaged in the ordinary pursuits of business, whose attention had not been particularly drawn to the subject, to foresee all the consequences of a currency exclusively of paper, and we ought not on that account to be surprised at the facility with which laws were obtained to carry into effect the paper system. 对于从事普通商业活动的人来说，他们的注意力没有特别被吸引到这个问题上，很难预见纯粹纸币货币的所有后果，因此我们不应惊讶于法律如此容易地获得通过以实施纸币制度。
Honest and even enlightened men are sometimes misled by the specious and plausible statements of the designing. But experience has now proved the mischiefs and dangers of a paper currency, and it rests with you to determine whether the proper remedy shall be applied. 诚实的甚至开明的人有时会被别有用心者的似是而非的陈述所误导。但经验现在已经证明了纸币的祸害和危险，应由你们决定是否应采取适当的补救措施。
The paper system being founded on public confidence and having of itself no intrinsic value, it is liable to great and sudden fluctuations, thereby rendering property insecure and the wages of labor unsteady and uncertain. The corporations which create the paper money can not be relied upon to keep the circulating medium uniform in amount. 纸币制度建立在公众信心之上，本身没有内在价值，容易发生巨大而突然的波动，从而使财产不安全，劳动工资不稳定和不确定。创造纸币的公司不能被指望保持流通媒介数量的统一。
In times of prosperity, when confidence is high, they are tempted by the prospect of gain or by the influence of those who hope to profit by it to extend their issues of paper beyond the bounds of discretion and the reasonable demands of business; and when these issues have been pushed on from day to day, until public confidence is at length shaken, then a reaction takes place, and they immediately withdraw the credits they have given, suddenly curtail their issues, and produce an unexpected and ruinous contraction of the circulating medium, which is felt by the whole community. 在繁荣时期，当信心高涨时，他们被利益前景或希望从中获利的人的影响所诱惑，将纸币发行超出谨慎的界限和商业的合理需求；当这些发行日复一日地推进，直到公众信心最终动摇时，就会发生反应，他们立即撤回他们给予的信贷，突然缩减发行，产生流通媒介意外的和毁灭性的收缩，这影响到整个社会。
The banks by this means save themselves, and the mischievous consequences of their imprudence or cupidity are visited upon the public. Nor does the evil stop here. These ebbs and flows in the currency and these indiscreet extensions of credit naturally engender a spirit of speculation injurious to the habits and character of the people. 银行通过这种方式拯救了自己，而他们的轻率或贪婪的有害后果则降临到公众身上。邪恶还不止于此。货币的这些潮起潮落和信贷的这些轻率扩张自然滋生了一种投机精神，对人民的习惯和品格造成损害。
We have already seen its effects in the wild spirit of speculation in the public lands and various kinds of stock which within the last year or two seized upon such a multitude of our citizens and threatened to pervade all classes of society and to withdraw their attention from the sober pursuits of honest industry. 我们已经在过去一两年间对公共土地和各种股票的疯狂投机精神中看到了它的影响，这种精神席卷了我们如此众多的公民，威胁要渗透到社会的各个阶层，并使他们从诚实劳动的严肃追求中转移注意力。
It is not by encouraging this spirit that we shall best promote the welfare and prosperity of our country. Much of the capital of the country is now diverted from its proper channel and unprofitably employed in speculation. Our imports are increased by the expensive articles which the spirit of luxury demands, and our exports are diminished in consequence of the same cause. 并不是通过鼓励这种精神，我们才能最好地促进国家的福利和繁荣。国家的大部分资本现在从其正当渠道转移出来，无利可图地用于投机。奢侈精神所要求的昂贵物品增加了我们的进口，同样的原因也减少了我们的出口。
Let us endeavor, then, to return to sound principles. Let us look to the great results which flow from the prosperity of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, and not to the paper bubbles which are constantly floating about and threatening to burst and involve us in ruin. 那么，让我们努力回归正确的原则。让我们关注农业、商业和制造业繁荣带来的巨大成果，而不是那些不断漂浮、威胁破裂并使我们陷入毁灭的纸泡沫。
But it is not the banking institutions alone that have occasioned the present state of things. The legislation of the Federal and State Governments has been equally at fault. While the Federal Government has been guilty of unconstitutional acts in creating a national bank and conferring upon it the power of issuing paper money, the States have been guilty of still more flagrant violations of the Constitution. 但造成现状的不仅仅是银行机构。联邦和州政府的立法同样有过错。联邦政府在创建国家银行并赋予其发行纸币的权力方面犯有违宪行为，而各州则犯有更公然的违宪行为。
They have created a multiplicity of banks, each with the power to issue paper money, and have thereby flooded the country with a circulation of this description, which has become the standard medium of exchange, and has entirely superseded the constitutional currency. 他们创建了众多银行，每家银行都有权发行纸币，从而使这个国家充斥着这种流通手段，它已经成为标准的交换媒介，并完全取代了宪法规定的货币。
But while the States have been thus engaged in creating banks and issuing paper money, they have at the same time passed laws to prevent the circulation of gold and silver coin, which they have made it a criminal offense to use in payment of debts. 但各州在创建银行和发行纸币的同时，也通过法律阻止金币和银币的流通，将使用金币和银币支付债务定为刑事犯罪。
The effect of this legislation has been to drive from circulation the only constitutional money, and to substitute in its place a medium which is liable to great fluctuations, and which has no intrinsic value. 这项立法的效果是将唯一的宪法货币从流通中驱逐出去，并用一种容易发生巨大波动、没有内在价值的媒介取而代之。
The mischiefs resulting from this state of things are too obvious to require a detailed enumeration. They are felt by every class of society. The laboring man finds his wages constantly fluctuating, and his earnings rendered uncertain and unsteady. The merchant and the mechanic are subjected to the same evil. The farmer, who sells his produce for paper money, and is compelled to pay his taxes and other debts in the same medium, finds himself at the mercy of speculators and bankers. 这种状况造成的祸害太明显了，不需要详细列举。社会各阶层都感受到了。劳动者发现他的工资不断波动，收入变得不确定和不稳定。商人和工匠也遭受同样的祸害。农民用纸币出售他的产品，并被迫用同样的媒介支付税款和其他债务，发现自己任由投机者和银行家摆布。
The only remedy for these evils is to return to the constitutional currency, and to abolish all banks of issue. The States have the power to do this, and they ought to exercise it without delay. 这些祸害的唯一补救办法是恢复宪法规定的货币，并废除所有发行银行。各州有权力这样做，他们应该毫不拖延地行使这一权力。
The Federal Government, on its part, should set the example by abolishing the national bank, and by refusing to receive or pay out any paper money. It should, moreover, pass a law to prohibit the circulation of any paper money within the limits of the United States, except such as may be issued by the Federal Government itself. 联邦政府方面应该树立榜样，废除国家银行，拒绝接收或支付任何纸币。此外，它应该通过一项法律，禁止在美国境内流通任何纸币，除非是联邦政府本身发行的。
This would be a great step towards restoring the constitutional currency, and would do much to promote the prosperity and happiness of the country. 这将是恢复宪法货币的一大步，并将极大地促进国家的繁荣和幸福。
But while we are endeavoring to reform the currency, we should not lose sight of other important matters. The security of our institutions and the preservation of our liberties depend upon the vigilance and virtue of the people. 但在我们努力改革货币的同时，我们不应忽视其他重要事项。我们制度的安全和自由的维护取决于人民的警惕和美德。
The Constitution has been framed with great wisdom, and its provisions are calculated to secure the rights of the people and to promote the general welfare. But it is not a perfect instrument, and it is liable to be violated by those who are entrusted with its administration. 宪法是经过深思熟虑制定的，其条款旨在保障人民的权利并促进普遍福利。但它不是一个完美的工具，容易被受托管理它的人违反。
It is, therefore, the duty of every citizen to watch over the Constitution, and to see that it is not violated. If any violation should occur, it is the duty of the people to rise up and defend it. 因此，每个公民都有责任监督宪法，确保它不被违反。如果发生任何违反行为，人民有责任站起来捍卫它。
Let us, then, my fellow-citizens, unite our efforts to preserve the Constitution and the Union, and to promote the prosperity and happiness of our country. Let us be faithful to the principles of liberty and equality, and let us never forget that the blessings we enjoy are the result of the wisdom and virtue of our forefathers. 那么，同胞们，让我们团结努力，维护宪法和联邦，促进国家的繁荣和幸福。让我们忠于自由和平等的原则，永远不要忘记我们享有的福祉是我们先辈的智慧和美德的结果。
The future of our country is in our hands. Let us use it wisely, and let us transmit to our children the blessings of liberty and peace which we have inherited from our fathers. 我们国家的未来掌握在我们手中。让我们明智地使用它，让我们将从父辈那里继承的自由与和平的福祉传递给我们的子孙。
I have now, my fellow-citizens, discharged the duties of the high office to which you twice elected me, and I am about to retire from public life. I have endeavored to administer the Government in accordance with the principles of the Constitution, and I have always had the best interests of the country at heart. 同胞们，我现在已经履行了你们两次选举我担任的崇高职位的职责，即将退出公共生活。我一直努力按照宪法原则管理政府，始终把国家的最大利益放在心上。
I thank you for the confidence you have reposed in me, and for the honors you have conferred upon me. I shall always remember with gratitude the kindness and support you have extended to me during my administration. 感谢你们对我的信任，感谢你们给予我的荣誉。我将永远怀着感激之情铭记你们在我执政期间给予我的善意和支持。
I now bid you farewell, and I pray that the blessings of Heaven may rest upon you and upon this great country. 我现在向你们告别，祈祷天堂的祝福降临在你们身上，降临在这个伟大的国家上。
ANDREW JACKSON. 安德鲁·杰克逊