Good evening, everybody. Let me begin by thanking President Xi and the people of Hangzhou and China for the hospitality in hosting this G20 summit on the shores of beautiful West Lake. Thank you so much. Xie xie. 大家晚上好。首先，请允许我感谢习主席以及杭州和中国人民，在美丽的西子湖畔举办本次G20峰会，盛情款待我们。非常感谢。谢谢。
This visit offered the eighth opportunity for President Xi and me to meet. We agreed to advance our cooperation across a range of issues, including climate change, global health and development, peacekeeping, counter-narcotics, and nuclear security. We also addressed our differences on issues like religious freedom, maritime security, and a level economic playing field, but we did so in a clear, candid, direct, and I think constructive way. That has helped us to manage problems, and it’s consistently helped us to improve relations between the United States and China. 这次访问是我与习主席的第八次会晤。我们同意推进在一系列议题上的合作，包括气候变化、全球卫生与发展、维和、禁毒以及核安全。我们也坦诚讨论了在宗教自由、海上安全和公平经济竞争环境等问题上的分歧，但我们以清晰、坦诚、直接的方式进行了沟通，我认为这种方式富有建设性。这有助于我们管控问题，也持续推动着美中关系的改善。
This has also been my tenth and final G20 meeting. It goes by fast. And so before I take your questions, let me put into context what we’ve done over the course of our G20 meetings. 这也是我第十次、也是最后一次出席G20会议。时光飞逝。在回答各位提问之前，让我先梳理一下我们在历次G20会议中所做的工作。
And I think back to April 2009, when hundreds of thousands of Americans were losing their jobs and their homes and their savings each month, and unemployment was on its way to 10 percent. Around the world, for the first time in a generation, the global economy was contracting, trade was shrinking, and the international financial system was nearly frozen. By several key measures, the global economy was on a worse trajectory than it was at the outset of the Great Depression. 我回想起2009年4月，当时每月都有数十万美国人失去工作、失去住房、失去积蓄，失业率攀升至10%。在全球范围内，全球经济出现了一代人以来的首次收缩，贸易萎缩，国际金融体系几近冻结。从几项关键指标来看，当时全球经济的走向比大萧条初期还要糟糕。
But the size and the scope of the crisis was not what made that London G20 historic. What made it historic was the speed and magnitude of our collective response. One nation couldn’t solve the problem alone, so together, developed and developing nations alike, took a comprehensive and unprecedented set of actions to prevent another depression and set the stage for recovery. 但让那次伦敦G20峰会载入史册的，并非危机的规模和范围，而是我们集体应对的速度和力度。任何一个国家都无法独自解决问题，因此发达国家和发展中国家携手采取了全面而前所未有的行动，防止了另一场大萧条的发生，并为经济复苏奠定了基础。
Most important was to create jobs and growth by stimulating demand across our economies. And America led the way. By then, in just my first 10 or so weeks as President, we had already passed the Recovery Act, set in motion plans to rescue our auto industry, stabilize our banks, jumpstart loans to small businesses, and launch programs to help homeowners refinance and stay in their homes. And our G20 partners would follow with similar actions. 最重要的是通过刺激各经济体的需求来创造就业和增长。美国率先行动。当时，在我就任总统仅十周左右的时间里，我们就通过了《复苏法案》，启动了拯救汽车业、稳定银行、推动小企业贷款的计划，并推出了帮助房主再融资以保住住房的项目。我们的G20伙伴也相继采取了类似行动。
To stabilize the global economy, we rejected the protectionism that could deepen the crisis. We cooperated to keep markets open and trade finance flowing, and bolstered the international finance system’s lending capacity to respond to countries that were hurting the most. And to prevent future crises, we took steps to reform our financial regulatory system -- including the historic Wall Street Reform that we passed more than six years ago. 为稳定全球经济，我们拒绝了可能加深危机的保护主义。我们开展合作，保持市场开放和贸易融资流动，并增强了国际金融体系的放贷能力，以救助受创最严重的国家。为防范未来的危机，我们采取措施改革金融监管体系——包括六年多前我们通过的具有历史意义的《华尔街改革法案》。
These were the actions we took in 2009. They were actions that prevented another depression, and created conditions for the global economy to grow by more than 25 percent over the past seven years. 这些就是我们在2009年采取的行动。这些行动防止了另一场大萧条的发生，并为过去七年全球经济增长超过25%创造了条件。
What we also did, though, was to elevate the G20 to become the world’s premier forum for international economic cooperation. And that decision allowed us, as the global recovery progressed, to take further actions to strengthen the global economy. And that’s what we came to Hangzhou to do. 此外，我们还将G20提升为全球首屈一指的国际经济合作论坛。这一决定使我们能够随着全球复苏的推进，采取进一步措施加强全球经济。这正是我们来到杭州的目的。
We’ve had long debates over the years about the best ways to promote sustained growth. But America’s voice in the G20 has always been one of bold action, and that stance has been backed up by our economic performance. Since job growth turned positive in early 2010, America’s businesses have created more than 15 million new jobs. We’ve cut the unemployment rate in half. And so far this year, wages have risen by almost 3 percent, which is much faster than the pace of inflation. 多年来，我们就促进持续增长的最佳途径进行了长期辩论。但美国在G20中的声音始终是倡导大胆行动，而这一立场也得到了我们经济表现的支撑。自2010年初就业增长转为正值以来，美国企业创造了超过1500万个新工作岗位。我们将失业率降低了一半。今年到目前为止，工资增长了近3%，远快于通胀速度。
But one of the things that we learned through the G20 process is that more than ever our economies are interconnected and we’ve got more work to do together to keep the global economy growing. We have to do more to grow wages faster; to shrink inequality faster; to give everybody a shot at opportunity and security in a changing economy. And that should be the way forward for the G20 -- to make sure that the benefits of trends like globalization and technological progress are shared broadly by more workers and families who still feel like the global economy is not working for them. 但我们通过G20进程认识到的一点是，我们的经济体比以往任何时候都更加相互关联，我们需要共同做出更多努力来保持全球经济增长。我们必须采取更多措施，加快工资增长；更快地缩小不平等；让每个人在不断变化的经济中都有机会获得机遇和保障。这应该是G20的前进方向——确保全球化和技术进步等趋势带来的好处能够被更多仍觉得全球经济对自己不利的工人和家庭广泛共享。
And that’s what we did here at this G20 Summit. We committed to using all of our policy tools to promote robust, inclusive growth that creates opportunity for young people and the middle class that they’re working to join. We focused on making sure that businesses can compete fairly and all working families can take advantage of the new prospects the digital economy creates. And we reaffirmed our commitment to support emerging economies through an array of development initiatives. 这正是我们在本次G20峰会上所做的。我们承诺运用所有政策工具，推动强劲、包容的增长，为年轻人和他们努力跻身的中产阶级创造机遇。我们致力于确保企业能够公平竞争，所有工薪家庭都能利用数字经济创造的新机遇。我们还重申了通过一系列发展倡议支持新兴经济体的承诺。
We also discussed ways to unlock the mutual benefits that trade provides while keeping it fair for our workers and the playing field level for our businesses. And that includes high-standard trade agreements that actually benefit the middle class, like the TPP. That includes working together to abstain from unfair currency practices, and address corruption and global tax evasion. And it includes our agreement to establish a new forum to address some of the market-distorting policies in the global steel sector that have hurt workers and businesses. 我们还讨论了如何释放贸易带来的互利共赢，同时确保对我们的工人公平、对我们的企业有公平的竞争环境。这包括真正惠及中产阶级的高标准贸易协定，如跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP）。这包括共同努力抵制不公平的汇率操作，打击腐败和全球逃税。这还包括我们达成的协议，即建立一个新的论坛，以应对全球钢铁行业中一些伤害工人和企业的市场扭曲政策。
We also added momentum to the fight to protect our planet for future generations. On Saturday, the U.S. and China formally entered the Paris Agreement. And today, the G20 welcomed efforts to enter the Paris Agreement into force by the end of this year. 我们还为保护地球、造福子孙后代的斗争增添了动力。周六，美国和中国正式加入《巴黎协定》。今天，G20对推动《巴黎协定》于今年年底前生效的努力表示欢迎。
So if there’s anything that the past eight years have taught us, it’s that the complicated challenges of the 21st century cannot be met without coordinated and collective action. Agreement is not always easy and results do not always come quickly. Respecting different points of view; forging consensus instead of dictating terms -- that can sometimes be frustrating. But it is how progress has been won and how it will be won in the future. It’s how we’ve come as far as we have in the eight years since the crisis affected us all. 如果说过去八年教会了我们什么，那就是21世纪的复杂挑战只有通过协调一致的集体行动才能应对。达成共识并非总是易事，成果也并非总能立竿见影。尊重不同观点；凝聚共识而非强加条件——这有时会令人沮丧。但这正是取得进展的方式，未来也将如此。自这场危机影响我们所有人以来的八年里，我们就是这样一路走来的。
And it’s how the G20 can make progress for all people in the years to come. 这也是G20在未来岁月中能够为全体人民谋求进步的方式。
So, with that, let me take some questions. And I will start with Roberta Rampton of Reuters. 好，下面我来回答各位的提问。首先请路透社的罗伯塔·兰普顿提问。
Question: Thank you, Mr. President. I want to ask you about tomorrow, the next leg of your trip, a little bit. And tomorrow you're going to be meeting for the first time with President Duterte, and he’s a leader whose war on drugs has led to the death of about 2,400 people in just the last two months since he took office. And today he said in a very colorful way that you better not bring this up. And I'm wondering, are you are committed to raising this with President Duterte? And are you concerned that meeting him legitimizes his approach on this issue? 问：谢谢您，总统先生。我想稍微问一下明天您此行的下一站。明天您将首次与杜特尔特总统会晤，而他发起的禁毒战争在他上任仅两个月内就已导致约2400人死亡。今天他以非常激烈的方式表示，您最好不要提起这个话题。我想知道，您是否承诺会向杜特尔特总统提出这个问题？您是否担心与他会晤会让他在这个问题上的做法合法化？
President Obama: Well, I just came out of a long day of meetings, so I just heard about some of this. But I have seen some of those colorful statements in the past, and so, clearly, he’s a colorful guy. And what I’ve instructed my team to do is to talk to their Philippine counterparts to find out is this, in fact, a time where we can have some constructive, productive conversations. Obviously, the Filipino people are some of our closest friends and allies, and the Philippines is a treaty ally of ours. 奥巴马总统：我刚结束一整天的会议，所以刚刚听到一些相关消息。但我过去也见过一些他的激烈言论，所以很明显，他是个个性鲜明的人。我已指示我的团队与菲律宾方面沟通，了解目前是否确实是我们进行建设性、富有成效对话的时机。显然，菲律宾人民是我们最亲密的朋友和盟友之一，菲律宾是我们的条约盟友。
But I always want to make sure that if I'm having a meeting that it's actually productive and we're getting something done. 但我始终希望确保，如果我举行会晤，那必须是真正有成效的，我们能取得实质性进展。
We recognize the significant burden that the drug trade plays just not just in the Philippines, but around the world. And fighting narco-trafficking is tough. But we will always assert the need to have due process and to engage in that fight against drugs in a way that's consistent with basic international norms. And so, undoubtedly, if and when we have a meeting, that this is something that's going to be brought up, and my expectation, my hope is, is that it could be dealt with constructively. 我们认识到毒品贸易不仅在菲律宾，而且在全世界都带来了沉重负担。打击贩毒是一项艰巨的任务。但我们始终主张，必须坚持正当程序，以符合基本国际准则的方式开展禁毒斗争。因此，毫无疑问，如果我们举行会晤，这个问题一定会被提出来，而我的期望、我的希望是，能够以建设性的方式处理这个问题。
But I'll have my team discuss this. I've got a whole bunch of folks that I'm going to be meeting with over the course of the next several days. And, as I said, historically, our relationship with the Philippines is one of our most important, and my relationship with the Philippine people has been extraordinarily warm and productive. So I expect that will continue. But I want to make sure that the setting is right and the timing is right for us to have the best conversation possible. 我会让我的团队讨论此事。在接下来的几天里，我还要与许多人会晤。正如我所说，从历史上看，我们与菲律宾的关系是我们最重要的关系之一，我与菲律宾人民的关系也一直非常热诚且富有成效。所以我期望这种关系能够延续。但我希望确保环境和时机都合适，以便我们能够进行最好的对话。
Question: So you're not going to meet with him? 问：所以您不打算与他会晤了？
President Obama: Well I'm -- no, as I said, I'm going to just make an assessment. I just got out of these meetings. What is certainly true is, is that the issues of how we approach fighting crime and drug trafficking is a serious one for all of us, and we've got to do it the right way. 奥巴马总统：我——不，正如我所说，我只是要做一个评估。我刚结束这些会议。可以肯定的是，如何打击犯罪和贩毒对我们所有人来说都是一个严肃的问题，我们必须以正确的方式来做。
Michelle Kosinski. 米歇尔·科辛斯基。
Question: Thank you. Same subject, I guess, of colorful guys. What can you tell us about this hour-and-a-half-long meeting you had with President Putin -- the tone of it, any progress that was made? And do you agree with him that the relationship between our two countries is now frozen? 问：谢谢。我想还是同一个话题——个性鲜明的人物。您能谈谈您与普京总统长达一个半小时的会晤吗？会谈的基调如何，取得了哪些进展？您是否同意他的看法，认为我们两国关系目前处于冻结状态？
On the cyber front, Senator Reid recently cited intelligence briefings when he was expressing his suspicions that Russia is trying to meddle in the election and may even have direct ties to one of the campaigns. What can you tell us? Do you think Russia is trying to influence the U.S. election through hacking? 在网络方面，里德参议员最近援引情报简报，表达了他对俄罗斯试图干预选举、甚至可能与某个竞选团队有直接联系的怀疑。您能告诉我们什么？您认为俄罗斯是否在试图通过黑客攻击影响美国大选？
President Obama: Well, President Putin is less colorful, but typically the tone of our meetings are candid, blunt, businesslike --- and this one was no different. 奥巴马总统：普京总统没那么张扬，但我们会谈的基调通常是坦诚、直接、务实的——这次也不例外。
We had a range of issues that we had to discuss, but the two most important were, as has been reported, discussions that have been taking place between Secretary Kerry and Russia's Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, about ways in which we can institute a meaningful, serious, verifiable Cessation of Hostilities in Syria, and our capacity to provide some humanitarian relief to families, children, women who are suffering enormously under the burdens of that war. 我们有一系列问题需要讨论，但最重要的两个议题，正如报道所述，是克里国务卿与俄罗斯外长谢尔盖·拉夫罗夫之间一直在进行的讨论，内容涉及我们如何在叙利亚实现有意义、严肃且可核查的停火，以及我们有能力向在战争重负下遭受巨大苦难的家庭、儿童和妇女提供一些人道主义援助。
As you'll recall, we had initiated a Cessation of Hostilities a while back. Initially, it did lessen some of the violence, and then slowly it unwound. And we're back into a situation in which Assad's regime is bombing with impunity. That, in turn, we think is actually strengthening the capacity of Nusra to recruit people who might not have initially been sympathetic to terrorism but now view anyone who’s fighting against Assad as legitimized. And that is a very dangerous dynamic. 大家应该还记得，我们不久前曾启动过一次停火。最初，它确实减轻了一些暴力，但后来逐渐瓦解了。我们又回到了阿萨德政权肆意轰炸的局面。我们认为，这反过来实际上增强了努斯拉阵线的招募能力——一些人最初可能并不同情恐怖主义，但现在认为任何反对阿萨德的人都是正当的。这是一种非常危险的态势。
And so we have had some productive conversations about what a real Cessation of Hostilities would look like that would allow us both, the United States and Russia, to focus our attention on common enemies, like ISIL and Nusra. But given the gaps of trust that exist, that's a tough negotiation, and we haven’t yet closed the gaps in a way where we think it would actually work. But my instructions to Secretary Kerry, and Mr. Putin's instructions to Mr. 因此，我们就真正的停火应该是什么样的进行了一些富有成效的讨论，这样的停火将使美国和俄罗斯双方都能把注意力集中在共同敌人上，比如"伊斯兰国"和努斯拉阵线。但鉴于存在的信任鸿沟，这是一场艰难的谈判，我们尚未弥合分歧，达到我们认为真正可行的程度。但我对克里国务卿的指示，以及普京先生对……先生的指示。
Lavrov was to keep working at it over the next several days -- because the faster we can provide some relief to folks on the ground, the better off we're going to be. 拉夫罗夫的指示是，在接下来的几天里继续努力——因为我们越快能为当地民众提供一些救助，情况就会越好。
And that, then, is a predicate for us to be able to transition into a serious conversation about a political solution to this problem that would involve all the parties that have either directly or indirectly involved themselves in the Syrian conflict. 而这将是一个前提，使我们能够过渡到就这一问题的政治解决方案进行严肃对话，让所有直接或间接卷入叙利亚冲突的各方都参与进来。
We also spent time talking about Ukraine. There is a Minsk agreement that arose out of the Normandy negotiations between Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany, but it hasn’t been implemented. And I made very clear that until it is implemented, the United States is not going to pull down sanctions; that it is important for both sides to try to seize this opportunity in the coming weeks to finalize an agreement and to figure out a sequence in which that document is put into effect. And there was agreement not just between myself and Mr. 我们还花时间讨论了乌克兰问题。俄罗斯、乌克兰、法国和德国通过诺曼底谈判达成了明斯克协议，但该协议尚未得到执行。我非常明确地表示，在协议落实之前，美国不会取消制裁；双方都应努力在未来几周抓住这个机会，敲定协议并确定文件生效的顺序，这一点非常重要。不仅我和……先生之间达成了共识。
Putin, but also with Chancellor Merkel and President Hollande, that that effort should increase in urgency over the next several weeks. 普京先生之间，而且与默克尔总理和奥朗德总统之间也都同意，应在未来几周加大这方面努力的紧迫性。
And so that what was constructive but not conclusive. And we'll have to see whether we can actually get this done, or whether, in fact, President Putin -- despite talking about wanting a negotiation and a solution -- in fact, is comfortable with this constant low-grade conflict along the Russia-Ukraine border. 所以这方面是建设性的，但还没有定论。我们得看看我们是否真的能办成这件事，或者事实上，普京总统——尽管嘴上说想要谈判和解决方案——实际上对俄乌边境持续不断的低烈度冲突感到心安理得。
And finally, we did talk about cybersecurity, generally. I'm not going to comment on specific investigations that are still live and active. But I will tell you that we've had problems with cyber intrusions from Russia in the past, from other countries in the past. And, look, we're moving into a new era here where a number of countries have significant capacities. And, frankly, we got more capacity than anybody both offensively and defensively. 最后，我们确实谈到了网络安全的总体情况。我不会对仍在进行中的具体调查发表评论。但我可以告诉各位，我们过去曾遭遇来自俄罗斯以及其他国家的网络入侵。而且，我们正进入一个新时代，许多国家都拥有重要的网络能力。坦率地说，无论是进攻还是防御，我们的能力都超过任何国家。
But our goal is not to suddenly, in the cyber arena, duplicate a cycle of escalation that we saw when it comes to other arms races in the past, but rather to start instituting some norms so that everybody is acting responsibly. 但我们的目标不是在网络领域突然重蹈过去其他军备竞赛的升级循环，而是开始建立一些行为规范，让每个人都负责任地行事。
We're going to have enough problems in the cyberspace with non-state actors who are engaging in theft and using the Internet for all kinds of illicit practices, and protecting our critical infrastructure, and making sure that our financial systems are sound. And what we cannot do is have a situation in which suddenly this becomes the Wild, Wild West, where countries that have significant cyber capacity start engaging in competition -- unhealthy competition or conflict through these means when, I think, wisely we've put in place some norms when it comes to using other weapons. 在网络空间，我们已经要面对足够多的问题——非国家行为体从事盗窃活动，利用互联网进行各种非法行为，我们还要保护关键基础设施，确保金融体系稳健。我们不能让网络空间突然变成"蛮荒西部"，让拥有强大网络能力的国家开始通过这些手段进行竞争——不健康的竞争或冲突，而我认为，明智的做法是，我们已经在使用其他武器方面建立了一些规范。
So that's been a topic of conversation with President Putin as it has been with other countries. We've started to get some willingness on the part of a lot of countries around the world, including through our G20 process, to adopt these norms, but we've got to make sure that we're observing them. 所以这一直是我与普京总统以及其他国家领导人会谈的一个话题。我们已经看到世界上许多国家，包括通过G20进程，开始愿意采纳这些规范，但我们必须确保大家都在遵守这些规范。
William Wan. 威廉·万。
Question: Thank you, Mr. President. Heading into Laos, what are the main things you can offer its leaders? And what do you plan to push for in return? On the offering side, for example, I'm wondering how you view U.S. responsibility for unexploded ordnance. On the asking side, what are you pushing for most? Is it human rights? Closer U.S. ties in the face of China? Improving their problems with governance and corruption? What's the priority? 问：谢谢您，总统先生。接下来您将前往老挝，您能向该国领导人提供哪些主要帮助？作为回报，您计划推动什么？在提供帮助方面，比如，我想知道您如何看待美国对未爆炸弹药的责任。在诉求方面，您最想推动的是什么？是人权？是面对中国时加强美老关系？还是改善他们的治理和腐败问题？优先事项是什么？
President Obama: Well, look, symbolically, it is important. I'll be the first U.S. President to visit Laos. And when you think about the history of the United States and Laos, I think it’s useful to see what’s happened in the evolution of our relationship with Vietnam, a country that I just visited recently. 奥巴马总统：嗯，从象征意义上讲，这很重要。我将是第一位访问老挝的美国总统。当你想到美国和老挝的历史时，我认为看看我们与越南关系的演变是有参考价值的——我最近刚访问过越南。
At the outset, as we’re trying to build trust, a lot of work can be done around war legacy issues. For the Lao, that involves dealing with unexploded ordnance, which is still plaguing big chunks of the countryside. And since Laos is still a relatively poor country that is developing, their capacity alone to clean that up is hampered by a lack of resources. We should help. 一开始，当我们努力建立信任时，可以围绕战争遗留问题做很多工作。对老挝人民来说，这涉及处理未爆炸弹药的问题，这些弹药至今仍困扰着大片农村地区。由于老挝仍然是一个相对贫穷的发展中国家，仅靠他们自己的清理能力受到资源匮乏的限制。我们应该提供帮助。
And my expectation is, is that, in our meetings over the course of several days, that we’ll be able to provide some really concrete assistance that ensures that innocent kids who are running through a field, or a farmer that’s trying to clear a field, or a business that’s trying to get set up -- that they’re not endangered by the possibility of an explosion. 我的期望是，在我们几天的会晤中，我们能够提供一些真正具体的援助，确保在田野里奔跑的无辜儿童、试图清理田地的农民，或是想要创业的企业——不会因可能发生的爆炸而受到威胁。
Likewise, we have deep commitments to accounting for those who were lost during that war. And as was true with Vietnam, to the extent that we’re able to find out more about our missing-in-action and our POWs, that not only provides enormous comfort and meaning for families and is consistent with our traditions, but it also ends up being a show of good faith on the part of the country, and a way for us to move into a next phase of a relationship. 同样，我们对寻找战争中失踪人员也负有深重的责任。就像在越南的情况一样，我们能够更多地了解失踪人员和战俘的下落，这不仅为家属带来巨大的慰藉和意义，也符合我们的传统，而且最终也体现了对方国家的诚意，是我们进入关系下一阶段的一种方式。
And so a lot of the conversation I think will start there, but it doesn’t end there. We’ve had an initiative, for example, helping all the countries along the Mekong Delta to find ways to harness development and deal with environmental issues. And that’s something that we’ve been doing through ASEAN over the course of several years now. For us to be able to expand some of that work I think would be important. Establishing people-to-people exchanges is another area that historically has been important. 因此，我认为很多对话将从这些议题开始，但不止于此。例如，我们有一项倡议，帮助湄公河三角洲沿岸所有国家找到促进发展和应对环境问题的途径。这是我们几年来通过东盟一直在做的事情。我认为，我们能够扩大其中一些工作的范围将是重要的。建立人文交流是另一个历来重要的领域。
I do think Laos -- seeing the enormous economic progress that Vietnam and China and others have made, are going to be very interested in finding ways in which they can advance into the global economy and help themselves grow, and I think that we can be a useful partner there. 我确实认为，看到越南、中国等国家取得的巨大经济进步，老挝会非常有兴趣寻找融入全球经济、实现自身发展的途径，我认为我们可以在这方面成为有益的伙伴。
So I think there will be a broad-based agenda. But if you think about the visit I made to Ho Chi Minh City, and driving through those streets, and the enormous wellspring of goodwill that you saw -- that started with some of the same kinds of steps that we’re going to be taking with Laos. But I think we can hopefully do it faster, make more progress faster than we did over the course of 10, 15 years, because we’ve learned some things. And I think Laos is very eager to engage with us, and we’re eager to engage with them. 所以我认为这将是一个基础广泛的议程。但你想想我对胡志明市的访问，开车穿过那些街道，以及你看到的巨大善意——那一切就是从我们将要与老挝采取的一些同类步骤开始的。但我希望我们能走得更快，比我们过去十到十五年间取得的进展更快，因为我们已经积累了一些经验。我认为老挝非常渴望与我们接触，我们也渴望与他们接触。
So I look forward to visiting what I hear is a beautiful country. 所以我期待着访问这个我听说很美丽的国家。
Christi Parsons. 克里斯蒂·帕森斯。
Question: Thank you, Mr. President. On the Transpacific Partnership, how do you plan to sell this to these Asian leaders who still have work to do in their own countries, and with some political -- you know, it’s not -- the politics aren’t easy, and maybe they don’t want to do that. So much of it seems like the future is rocky in the U.S. Can you -- the U.S. usually ratifies its trade deals. Do you plan to convey a sense of inevitability? Do you feel that for the lame duck session, even if it doesn’t happen then, do you feel like it’s inevitable anyway? 问：谢谢您，总统先生。关于跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP），您打算如何向这些亚洲领导人推销它？他们在自己国内还有工作要做，而且政治上——您知道，并不容易，也许他们并不想做。在美国，TPP的前景似乎也充满不确定性。美国通常会批准贸易协定。您是否打算传达一种势在必行的感觉？您认为在跛脚鸭会议期内会通过吗？即使届时没有通过，您是否觉得它无论如何都会通过？
And, if I may, I wonder what you think about the silent protest of Colin Kaepernick? And I also wonder what you think about the public response to it, which is really divided. I mean, some police don’t want to secure ‘49ers games, and many fans feel that he’s giving voice to something they feel strongly. So I just wonder how you look at that. 另外，如果可以的话，我想知道您如何看待科林·卡佩尼克的静默抗议？我还想知道您如何看待公众对此的反应，反应确实两极分化。我的意思是，一些警察不愿为49人队的比赛提供安保，而许多球迷觉得他说出了他们强烈认同的东西。所以我想知道您怎么看这件事。
President Obama: Well, with respect to TPP, I don’t have to sell it to Asian leaders here who were part of the negotiations because they see this as the right thing to do for their own countries. And when you look at the architecture, the structure of TPP, what it does is open up new markets for us that are generally closed. Our markets are more open than theirs for the most part, so we benefit from a reduction in tariffs and taxes that are already in place. 奥巴马总统：关于TPP，我不需要向这里参与谈判的亚洲领导人推销它，因为他们认为这对自己国家来说是正确的选择。当你审视TPP的架构和结构时，它所做的是为我们打开了通常是封闭的新市场。我们的市场在大多数情况下比他们的更开放，所以我们从降低已有关税和税收中受益。
But for many of them, what they benefit from is this trade deal is the spur, the incentive for them to engage in a whole bunch of structural reforms that they know, over the long term, will reinvigorate their economy. 但对他们中的许多人来说，他们的受益之处在于，这项贸易协定是一种动力，一种激励，促使他们进行一系列结构性改革——他们知道，从长远来看，这些改革将重振他们的经济。
So, for example, Prime Minister Abe of Japan, yes, he’s having to make some difficult decisions about opening up markets that previously have been closed, but he’s also looking at a couple of decades of stagnation and anemic growth. And what he said to the Japanese people is, if we want to break out of this, then we’re going to have to change how we do business, and this provides us a road map of how we can become more competitive on the world stage. 所以，比如日本首相安倍晋三，是的，他不得不就开放此前封闭的市场做出一些艰难决定，但他也看到了二十年的停滞和疲软增长。他对日本人民说的是，如果我们想要摆脱这种局面，就必须改变我们的经营方式，而TPP为我们提供了一张路线图，告诉我们如何在世界舞台上变得更具竞争力。
Vietnam, that, for the first time, is debating in a very serious way how they can provide protections to their workers and allow them to participate and have voice and bargain for wages, and, yeah, that’s tough politically for Vietnam. On the other hand, they recognize that if they want to move up the value chain in the global market that they’ve got to start abiding by basic norms. 越南则首次以非常严肃的方式讨论如何为工人提供保护，让他们能够参与其中、拥有话语权并争取工资待遇，是的，这在政治上对越南来说很困难。但另一方面，他们认识到，如果想在全球市场中提升价值链，就必须开始遵守基本准则。
So the good news is they’re ready to go. And what I’ll be telling them is that the United States has never had a smooth, uncontroversial path to ratifying trade deals, but they eventually get done. And it’s my intention to get this one done, because, on the merits, it is smart for America to do it. And I have yet to hear a persuasive argument from the left or the right as to why we wouldn’t want to create a trade framework that raises labor standards, raising environmental standards, protects intellectual property, levels the playing field for U.S. businesses, brings down tariffs. 所以好消息是，他们已经准备好推进了。我要告诉他们的是，美国批准贸易协定的道路从来都不是一帆风顺、毫无争议的，但最终都会通过。我的意图就是让这项协定获得通过，因为从实质上讲，这样做对美国是明智的。我还没有听到左派或右派提出有说服力的论点，说明我们为什么不想要一个提高劳工标准、提升环境标准、保护知识产权、为美国企业创造公平竞争环境、降低关税的贸易框架。
It is indisputable that it would create a better deal for us than the status quo. Nobody has been able to describe to me -- with all the general criticism of trade that you hear coming out of some quarters, nobody is able to describe to me how this would not be a significant improvement for U.S. workers and U.S. businesses going forward compared to the status quo. 无可争辩的是，它将为我们带来比现状更好的结果。没有人能够向我说明——尽管你听到某些方面对贸易的各种泛泛批评——没有人能向我说明，与现状相比，这为什么不会是对美国工人和美国企业未来的重大改善。
And so I intend to be making that argument. I will have to be less persuasive here because most people already understand that. Back home, we'll have to cut through the noise once election season is over. It's always a little noisy there. 所以我打算继续阐述这一观点。在这里我不需要多费口舌，因为大多数人已经理解了。回到国内，一旦选举季结束，我们就得冲破杂音。那里总是有点吵。
And in terms of Mr. Kaepernick, I got to confess that I haven’t been thinking about football while I've been over here, and I haven’t been following this closely. But my understanding, at least, is, is that he's exercising his constitutional right to make a statement. I think there's a long history of sports figures doing so. I think there are a lot of ways you can do it. 至于卡佩尼克先生，我得承认，我在这里的时候没怎么想足球的事，也没有密切关注这件事。但至少我的理解是，他在行使宪法赋予他的发表言论的权利。我认为体育界人士这样做有着悠久的历史。我认为表达的方式可以有很多种。
As a general matter, when it comes to the flag and the National Anthem, and the meaning that that holds for our men and women in uniform and those who fought for us, that is a tough thing for them to get past to then hear what his deeper concerns are. But I don’t doubt his sincerity, based on what I've heard. I think he cares about some real, legitimate issues that have to be talked about. 一般来说，谈到国旗和国歌，以及它们对我们的男女军人和为我们战斗过的人们所具有的意义，对他们来说，要放下这种情绪去倾听他更深层的关切是一件困难的事。但根据我所听到的，我不怀疑他的诚意。我认为他关心的是一些真实的、合理的、必须被讨论的问题。
And if nothing else, what he's done is he's generated more conversation around some topics that need to be talked about. 至少，他所做的是引发了更多关于一些需要被讨论的话题的对话。
So, again, I haven’t been paying close attention to it, but you've heard me talk about in the past the need for us to have an active citizenry. Sometimes that's messy and controversial, and it gets people angry and frustrated. But I'd rather have young people who are engaged in the argument and trying to think through how they can be part of our democratic process than people who are just sitting on the sidelines and not paying attention at all. 再说一次，我没有密切关注这件事，但你们以前听我说过，我们需要积极的公民参与。有时这会很混乱、有争议，会让人们感到愤怒和沮丧。但我宁愿看到年轻人参与辩论，努力思考他们如何能成为我们民主进程的一部分，也不愿看到他们只是袖手旁观、漠不关心。
And my suspicion is, is that over time he's going to refine how he's thinking about it, and maybe some of his critics will start seeing that he has a point around certain concerns about justice and equality. And that's how we move forward. Sometimes it's messy, but it's the way democracy works. 我猜想，随着时间的推移，他会完善自己的表达方式，也许一些批评者也会开始认识到，他在正义和平等的某些关切上是有道理的。这就是我们前进的方式。有时过程会很混乱，但这就是民主运作的方式。
All right, last one. Angela Greiling Keane of Bloomberg. 好的，最后一个问题。彭博社的安吉拉·格莱林·基恩。
Question: Thank you, Mr. President. The G20 group today discussed the importance of tax fairness and consistency among countries. For you, how much of that discussion was centered on the Apple case and the EU's decision? And how do you balance your efforts here to ensure global tax fairness with your need and desire to protect U.S. companies and their shareholders? And if I may, on one other business topic, how would you assess the likelihood of the actions taken on steel today of making a difference in overcapacity? 问：谢谢您，总统先生。G20今天讨论了各国之间税收公平和一致性的重要性。对您来说，这次讨论有多少是围绕苹果案和欧盟的决定展开的？您如何在确保全球税收公平的努力与保护美国企业及其股东的需求和愿望之间取得平衡？另外，如果可以的话，还有一个经济话题：您如何评估今天就钢铁问题采取的行动对产能过剩产生影响的可能性？
President Obama: Those are both great questions. This issue of tax avoidance and tax evasion is something that we have actively promoted as an issue for the G20 to tackle. We've worked with not only the G20 countries, but also some of the multilateral organizations, like the OECD, to refine how we can approach these problems. It's a complicated piece of business. 奥巴马总统：这两个问题都问得很好。避税和逃税问题是我们积极推动G20应对的一个议题。我们不仅与G20国家合作，还与经合组织等多边组织合作，完善我们处理这些问题的方式。这是一项复杂的工作。
We did not bring up the specific case of Apple, because as a general rule, I don’t want to bring up a single case in a forum like this where we're trying to shape broader policy. But at home, we have been focused -- whether it's on the inversion rules that we put forward, the proposals that we put forward to define who the beneficiaries are behind the veil so that we can catch people who are avoiding their taxes -- we're doing a bunch of stuff at home, and we want to coordinate better norms internationally. 我们没有提出苹果公司的具体案例，因为作为一般原则，我不想在这样一个我们试图制定更广泛政策的论坛上提起单个案例。但在国内，我们一直专注于——无论是我们推出的反税收倒置规则，还是我们提出的界定面纱背后受益者身份的提案，以便我们能够抓到逃税者——我们在国内做了很多工作，我们希望在国际上协调更好的规范。
The one thing that we have to make sure we do is to move in concert with other countries, because there's always a danger that if one of us acts unilaterally, that it's not just amatter of a U.S. company being impacted, but it may also have an effect in terms of our ability to collect taxes from that same company. And so you might end up with a situation where they pay into Europe, and the U.S. Treasury is shortchanged. So if there is not some coordination between various tax authorities, you get a problem there. 我们必须确保的一件事是与其他国家协调一致，因为总是存在这样的危险：如果我们中的一方单方面行动，那么受影响的不仅仅是一家美国公司，还可能影响我们从同一家公司征税的能力。所以最终可能会出现这样的情况：他们向欧洲缴税，而美国财政部却蒙受损失。因此，如果各税务当局之间没有一定的协调，就会出问题。
In the same way, we think there has to be some coordination about even some of our closest allies racing to the bottom in terms of how they enforce their tax policies in ways that lead to revenue-shifting and tax avoidance in our country. 同样，我们认为，即使是我们最亲密的盟友，在他们执行税收政策时竞相"向底线赛跑"，导致收入转移和在我国的避税行为，这方面也必须有一定的协调。
So this is not something that I think is going to be sorted out overnight. I do think that if we are to regain the trust of ordinary people but the system is not rigged, and deal with these trends of inequality that have risen out of globalization and technological change, that we've got to make sure we tackle this issue in an effective way. 所以我认为这不是一夜之间就能解决的问题。我确实认为，如果我们要重新获得普通民众对制度并非被操纵的信任，并应对全球化和技术变革带来的不平等趋势，我们就必须确保以有效的方式解决这个问题。
And we've made some progress, but not as much as we need to. And my hope is, is that it's recognized that it's in the interest of all countries -- whether they're developed countries or developing countries -- to work together to put a stop to this. Because developed countries are losing revenue, and that erodes their tax base and their ability to educate kids and build universities and build infrastructure, but it also wallops developing countries because oftentimes tax avoidance can go hand in hand with corrupt practices that impede development. 我们已经取得了一些进展，但还不够。我的希望是，各国都认识到——无论是发达国家还是发展中国家——共同努力制止这种现象符合所有国家的利益。因为发达国家正在失去税收收入，这侵蚀了它们的税基，削弱了它们教育儿童、建设大学和修建基础设施的能力，但这也重创了发展中国家，因为避税往往与阻碍发展的腐败行为相伴而生。
In terms of excess capacity, this is an issue that we wanted to get on the agenda. We got it on the agenda. In my bilateral conversations with President Xi, there was an agreement that we would make progress on dealing with steel overcapacity -- which, by the way, is consistent with the plans that President Xi himself has had to reorient the economy so that it's not so heavily dependent on state-owned enterprises and an export model. 关于产能过剩，这是我们希望提上议程的一个问题。我们成功把它提上了议程。在我与习主席的双边会谈中，双方同意在解决钢铁产能过剩问题上取得进展——顺便说一句，这与习主席本人推动经济转型的计划是一致的，即减少对国有企业和出口模式的过度依赖。
So, we’ve made some progress -- not as much as we'd like to see -- but some progress on that front bilaterally. Multilaterally, the way this was resolved was the G20 agreed to put together an intensive process of gathering all the data, determining what the best steps are, which will then be reported in the G20 in Hamburg next year. And I think there was a validation of the basic principle that, to the extent that overcapacity is the result not just of market forces but specific policy decisions that are distorting a well-functioning market, that that needs to be fixed. 所以，我们取得了一些进展——没有我们期望的那么多——但在双边层面上取得了一些进展。在多边层面，解决方式是G20同意建立一个密集的进程，收集所有数据，确定最佳措施，然后在明年的汉堡G20峰会上报告。我认为基本原则得到了确认，即如果产能过剩不仅是市场力量的结果，而且是扭曲市场正常运作的特定政策决策的结果，那就需要加以纠正。
And so it was one of a number of examples that aren’t always sexy and don’t attract a lot of headlines of where issues that we've raised in the G20 get adopted and then a bunch of work gets done, and the following year you start seeing action, and slowly we strengthen and build up international norms. 这就是许多例子中的一个——这些事情不总是那么引人注目，也不会登上很多头条——我们在G20中提出的问题得到采纳，然后大量工作得以完成，第二年你就开始看到行动，我们就这样慢慢加强和建立国际规范。
If you look at the issue of IT and the digital economy, we were able to get the G20 to adopt a range of principles about an open Internet, net neutrality, making sure that businesses and vendors and providers aren’t discriminated across borders, reflecting a lot of the foundational principles that have led to this digital revolution over the last several years. 看看信息技术和数字经济问题，我们成功让G20采纳了一系列关于开放互联网、网络中立性的原则，确保企业、供应商和服务商不会在跨境方面受到歧视，这反映了过去几年推动数字革命的许多基本原则。
And that will, in turn, generate a bunch of new work. And there will still be conflicts about how people deal with censorship or how they deal with cybersecurity issues, but we chip away at it, and over time what you get it sturdier international norms that everybody abides to and will help all countries grow and help people prosper. 而这反过来又会产生大量新的工作。在人们如何应对审查制度或如何处理网络安全问题上，仍然会有冲突，但我们一点一点地推进，随着时间的推移，你会得到更稳固的国际规范，每个人都遵守这些规范，这将帮助所有国家发展，帮助人民繁荣。
So my parting words at the G20 were, having watched this process over the last eight years, I think we all have to recognize these are turbulent times. A lot of countries are seeing volatile politics. Sometimes you read the headlines and you can get discouraged about whether the international community and leadership are able to shape solutions fast enough for the scale of the problems -- whether it's migrants and refugees, or climate change, or terrorism, or making sure the international economy is working for everybody. 我在G20上的临别赠言是，观察了这八年的进程后，我认为我们都必须认识到，这是一个动荡的时代。许多国家的政治都在动荡。有时你看到头条新闻，可能会感到气馁，怀疑国际社会和领导层是否有能力针对问题的规模迅速制定解决方案——无论是移民和难民问题，还是气候变化、恐怖主义，或是确保国际经济惠及所有人。
But then when you look back over the course of eight years, actually you find out things have gotten better -- not always as fast as we'd like, but in significant ways. 但当你回顾这八年的历程时，你会发现情况其实已经好转了——虽然不总是像我们希望的那样快，但在很多重要方面都取得了进展。
You look at the progress we've made on the financial system. The American banking system now has 700 billion dollars more in capital; it is much safer and much sturdier. But it's not just us. Because of the G20, you also have a Basel III agreement in which all countries are having to strengthen their capital requirements and put in place some basic safeguards to prevent what happened at Lehmans. And that's true across the board. 看看我们在金融体系方面取得的进展。美国银行体系现在多了7000亿美元的资本；它比以前安全得多、稳固得多。但不只是我们。由于G20，我们还有了巴塞尔协议III，所有国家都必须加强资本要求，建立一些基本的保障措施，以防止雷曼兄弟式的事件重演。这在各方面都是如此。
So, as always, I’d always like to see even more get done, but I’m cautiously optimistic about the progress that we made. I tell my staff when they feel worn out sometimes that better is always good. It may not be everything that needs to get done, but if it's better than before we started, we'll take it. 所以，和往常一样，我总是希望看到更多的进展，但我对我们取得的进展持谨慎乐观的态度。当我的团队有时感到疲惫时，我告诉他们，进步总是好的。也许这不是需要完成的全部，但只要比我们开始时更好，我们就接受。
All right? Thank you very much, everybody. 好吗？非常感谢大家。