Hello, everybody! Myanmar Luu Ngae Myar Min Galarbar! It’s wonderful to be back in Myanmar. Everybody, please have a seat. Have a seat. Oh, we got some signs -- “Reform is fake.” “Change…” -- okay, well, you guys will have a chance to ask questions later. Yeah, you can put them away. That’s why we’re here -- for a town hall. See, that’s the thing, when you have a town hall, you don’t have a protest because you can just ask the questions directly. 大家好！缅甸的年轻人，大家好！很高兴再次回到缅甸。大家请坐，请坐。哦，有人举着标语——"改革是假的"。"改变……"——好吧，你们待会儿有机会提问的。对，你们可以把标语收起来了。这就是我们来这里的原因——市政厅对话。你看，是这样的，市政厅对话就不需要抗议了，因为你可以直接提问。
Two years ago, I was the first American President to visit this country, and I was deeply moved by the generous hospitality that greeted us here, and the sight of children waving the flags of both of our nations. And I was inspired by the incredible diversity and culture, and the various religious sites from different faiths and communities. 两年前，我是第一位访问这个国家的美国总统，我被这里热情的款待深深打动，也被孩子们挥舞着我们两国国旗的景象深深感动。我被这里令人惊叹的多样性和文化，以及来自不同信仰和社群的各种宗教场所所鼓舞。
And I was inspired again today, when I had the opportunity to visit the Secretariat -- the birthplace of modern Burma; the blueprint for democracy; a home to Burmese, Chinese, Indians, Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, and Christians who lived together peacefully -- an incredible example of multicultural and multi-faith diversity and tolerance. And it’s a profound symbol of this country’s rich diversity and this region’s potential. 今天我再次受到鼓舞，我有机会参观了秘书处大楼——现代缅甸的诞生地；民主的蓝图；缅甸人、华人、印度人、佛教徒、穆斯林、印度教徒和基督徒和平共处的家园——这是多元文化、多信仰多样性和宽容的令人惊叹的典范。它深刻地象征着这个国家丰富的多样性和这个地区的潜力。
Whenever I travel the world, from Europe to Africa, South America to Southeast Asia, one of the things I most enjoy doing is meeting young men and women like you. It’s more fun than being in a conference room. And it’s also more important -- because you are the young leaders who will determine the future of this country and this region. So I’m going to keep my remarks short at the top, because I want to take as many questions and comments from you. 每当我环游世界，从欧洲到非洲，从南美到东南亚，我最喜欢做的事情之一就是与像你们这样的青年男女见面。这比待在会议室里有趣多了。而且也更重要——因为你们是将决定这个国家和这个地区未来的青年领袖。所以我开头的讲话会简短一些，因为我想尽可能多地回答你们的问题和意见。
As President of the United States, I’ve made it a priority to deepen America’s ties with Southeast Asia -- in particular, with the young people of Southeast Asia. And I do this for reasons that go beyond the fact that I spent some of my childhood in Southeast Asia, in Indonesia. And that gives me a special attachment, a special feeling for Southeast Asia and this region. But I do it mainly because the 10 nations of ASEAN are home to about one in ten of the world’s citizens. About two-thirds of Southeast Asia’s population is under 35 years old. 作为美国总统，我将深化美国与东南亚的联系作为优先事项——特别是与东南亚的年轻人。我这样做的原因，不仅仅是我童年时曾在东南亚的印度尼西亚生活过一段时间。那给了我一种特殊的情感，一种对东南亚和这个地区的特殊感觉。但我这样做主要是因为东盟十国拥有世界上约十分之一的人口。东南亚约三分之二的人口在35岁以下。
So this region -- a region of growing economies and emerging democracies, and a vibrant diversity that includes oceans and islands, and jungles and cities, and peoples of different races and religions and beliefs -- this region will shape the 21st century. 所以这个地区——一个经济不断增长、民主不断涌现的地区，一个充满活力的多样性，包括海洋和岛屿、丛林和城市，以及不同种族、宗教和信仰的人民——这个地区将塑造21世纪。
And that’s why I launched the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative -- to deepen America’s engagement with the next generation of leaders in government and civil society, in education and in entrepreneurship. And more than 10,000 young leaders like you have joined this Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative network, working to solve the challenges and seize the opportunities of this dynamic region in a spirit of mutual cooperation and respect. So earlier this year, I held a town hall just like this one, in Malaysia. And today, I’d like to take our next steps together with you. 这就是我发起东南亚青年领袖倡议的原因——深化美国与下一代政府、公民社会、教育和创业领域领导人的交流。已有一万多名像你们这样的青年领袖加入了东南亚青年领袖倡议网络，本着相互合作和尊重的精神，努力应对这个充满活力的地区的挑战并抓住机遇。今年早些时候，我在马来西亚也举办了一场像这样的市政厅对话。今天，我想与你们一起迈出下一步。
When I took office nearly six years ago, I said the United States would extend our hand to any nation willing to unclench its fist. And here, after decades of authoritarian rule, we’ve begun to see significant progress in just a few years. There is more of a sense of hope in Myanmar, that was once so closed to the world, about the role that it can now play in the region and in the world. 将近六年前我上任时，我说过美国将向任何愿意松开拳头的国家伸出援手。在这里，经过几十年的威权统治，我们在短短几年内就开始看到重大进展。缅甸曾经对世界如此封闭，现在人们对它在地区和世界中可以发挥的作用有了更多的希望感。
But we know that a journey to progress is not completed overnight. There are setbacks and false starts, and sometimes even reverses. And that was true in America during our 238-year history. It’s happened here in the past two or three years. We’ve seen some progress, and we should acknowledge that progress. 但我们知道，进步之旅不是一夜之间就能完成的。会有挫折和失败的开端，有时甚至会出现倒退。在美国238年的历史中也是如此。在过去两三年里这里也发生过这样的情况。我们看到了一些进展，我们应该承认这些进展。
We also know, though, that despite the fact that political prisoners have been released and people are more engaged in political dialogue, there’s a parliament and civil society is emerging -- despite all that, some reforms have not come quickly enough. There are still attacks against journalists and against ethnic minorities. America is still deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation in Rakhine state, and the treatment of minorities who endure discrimination and abuse. 但我们也知道，尽管政治犯已被释放，人们更多地参与政治对话，有了议会，公民社会正在兴起——尽管如此，一些改革来得还不够快。仍然存在针对记者和少数民族的袭击。美国仍然对若开邦的人道主义局势以及遭受歧视和虐待的少数民族的待遇深感关切。
On this visit, I’ve met separately with President Thein Sein and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, as well as members of parliament, and civil society leaders. And we discussed key reforms that have to be made to ensure that human rights and freedoms are respected, and the people of this country can reach for their rightful place in the region and the world. And I was also proud to announce that the Peace Corps will come here, to Myanmar, to deepen the ties between our people. It gives an extraordinary opportunity for young Americans to interact with young people here in Myanmar. 这次访问中，我分别会见了登盛总统和昂山素季女士，以及国会议员和公民社会领袖。我们讨论了必须进行的关键改革，以确保人权和自由得到尊重，让这个国家的人民能够在地区和世界上争取他们应有的地位。我还自豪地宣布，和平队将来到缅甸，深化我们两国人民之间的联系。这为美国年轻人与缅甸年轻人互动提供了绝佳的机会。
And that people-to-people exchange is often as important or more important as government-to-government exchanges. 而这种人与人之间的交流往往与政府间交流同样重要，甚至更重要。
So progress is not inevitable. History does not always march forward. History can travel sideways and sometimes backwards. Building trust after years of conflict takes time. Being able to look past the scars of violence takes courage. Securing the gains of freedom and democracy requires good faith and strength of will, and tolerance and respect for diversity, and it requires vigilance from all citizens. The American people know well that rights and freedoms are not given; they have to be won through struggle and through discipline, and persistence and faith. 所以进步不是必然的。历史并不总是向前迈进的。历史可能会徘徊不前，有时甚至会倒退。在多年冲突之后建立信任需要时间。能够超越暴力的伤痕需要勇气。确保自由和民主的成果需要诚意和意志力，需要对多样性的宽容和尊重，也需要全体公民的警惕。美国人民深知，权利和自由不是与生俱来的；它们必须通过斗争、纪律、坚持和信念来赢得。
And it’s often young people who have led these struggles; who have compelled us to slowly but surely perfect our own union in America over time. 而往往是年轻人领导了这些斗争；是他们促使我们在美国随着时间的推移缓慢但坚定地完善我们自己的联邦。
Now, I understand there's a Burmese saying. I've got to make sure that I say this right. Ngote mi thè daing -- help me out. Is that right? -- tet naing hpyar yauk. 现在，我知道有一句缅甸谚语。我得确保我说对了。Ngote mi thè daing——帮我一下。对吗？——tet naing hpyar yauk。
So for those Americans who don't speak Burmese as well as I do -- that means, "Dive until you reach the sand, climb until you reach the top. Keep persevering." 所以对于那些缅甸语说得不如我好的美国人——意思是，"潜到沙底，爬到山顶。坚持不懈。"
And America is committed to helping the young people of this nation and this region climb until you reach the top. We believe in this nation. That's why I've come and visited twice in the last few years, because we see a future where democratic institutions can be accountable and responsive; where political activists are free; where elections are fair; where journalists can pursue the truth; where ethnic minorities can live without fear. 美国致力于帮助这个国家和这个地区的年轻人攀登到顶峰。我们相信这个国家。这就是为什么我在过去几年里两次来访，因为我们看到了一个未来，在那里民主制度可以负责任和回应民意；在那里政治活动家是自由的；在那里选举是公平的；在那里记者可以追求真相；在那里少数民族可以生活在没有恐惧的环境中。
So we're betting on this country, but we're also betting on this region, because we see young people of different nations and religions and ethnicities who are eager to come together and address all the challenges that are out there: environmental protection; human rights; improving education; combating poverty; advocating for a greater role for women in business, in government and in society; increasing resilience in the face of natural disasters; spurring economic progress so more young people can follow in your footsteps and get a good education and have opportunity. 所以我们在这个国家身上下注，我们也在这个地区下注，因为我们看到不同国家、不同宗教和不同种族的年轻人渴望团结起来，应对所有现存的挑战：环境保护；人权；改善教育；消除贫困；倡导妇女在商业、政府和社会中发挥更大作用；在自然灾害面前增强抵御能力；推动经济进步，让更多年轻人能够追随你们的脚步，接受良好教育并获得机会。
We see young leaders who embrace the diversity of this region not as a weakness, but as a strength, and who realize that even though we are all individually different and come from different traditions and different communities, we're stronger when we work together. 我们看到青年领袖们将这个地区的多样性视为一种优势，而不是弱点，他们认识到，尽管我们每个人都是不同的，来自不同的传统和不同的社群，但当我们共同努力时，我们会更强大。
So the future of this region, your region, is not going to be determined by dictators or by armies, it's going to be determined by entrepreneurs and inventors and dreamers and people who are doing things in the community. And you're going to be the leaders who make that happen. Your generation has greater potential to shape society than any generation that's come before because you have the power to get knowledge from everywhere, and you have more sophistication and experiences than your parents or your grandparents. 所以这个地区的未来，你们的地区的未来，不会由独裁者或军队决定，而是由企业家、发明家、梦想家和在社区里做事的人决定。而你们将是实现这一切的领袖。你们这一代人比以往任何一代人都有更大的潜力来塑造社会，因为你们有能力从各处获取知识，你们比你们的父母或祖父母更有见识和经验。
And you have now the chance to share knowledge and experiences with other young people all across this region and around the world. And that wasn't true 20 years ago or 50 years ago. 你们现在有机会与这个地区和世界各地的其他年轻人分享知识和经验。而这在20年前或50年前是不可能的。
La Min Oo uses his power to tell the story of his fellow Burmese. He studied at Gettysburg College in the United States. The transformation that he watched unfold through Facebook inspired him to return home and make an award-winning documentary about the plight of Burmese farmers. And he says, "My country has been closed so long, there are a lot of stories to be told." So you young people have the chance to say -- to tell those stories. 拉敏乌用他的力量讲述他的缅甸同胞的故事。他在美国葛底斯堡学院学习。他通过Facebook目睹的转变激励他回到家乡，制作了一部关于缅甸农民困境的获奖纪录片。他说："我的国家封闭了这么久，有很多故事要讲。"所以你们年轻人有机会讲述这些故事。
You have the power to improve institutions that are very important for democratic governance, like civil society, and an impartial judicial, and a free press, and private enterprise. And there's so much to build here. 你们有能力改善对民主治理非常重要的机构，比如公民社会、公正的司法、自由的媒体和私营企业。这里有太多东西需要建设。
In countries like this, it's critical that you get involved in that way. I'll give you an example. Ryan Louis Madrid dreamt of being a journalist. But as he stood surrounded by the wreckage of a typhoon in his beloved Philippines, he made himself into an instrument for his fellow citizens rebuilding. Today the organization he co-founded puts solar rooftops in developing and recovering communities. And he wants to use his skills to encourage other enterprising young people in developing countries to say in their countries and help their own people, to think globally and act locally. 在这样的国家，你们以这种方式参与进来至关重要。我给你们举个例子。瑞安·路易斯·马德里德梦想成为一名记者。但当他站在他深爱的菲律宾台风废墟中时，他让自己成为了帮助同胞重建的工具。今天，他共同创立的组织在发展中和灾后恢复的社区安装太阳能屋顶。他想用他的技能鼓励发展中国家其他有创业精神的年轻人留在自己的国家帮助自己的人民，放眼全球，立足本地行动。
You have the power to remind us all that human dignity is not just a universal aspiration, but a human right. 你们有能力提醒我们所有人，人的尊严不仅是一种普遍的愿望，也是一种人权。
So Wai Wai Nu spent seven years of her youth behind bars as a political prisoner. And she called it her "university about life." Today she uses that hard-earned degree to advocate for tolerance and acceptance, saying, "We too sacrificed many things for the same cause, that that is democracy." 所以薇薇努在她的青春岁月里作为政治犯在狱中度过了七年。她称之为她的"人生大学"。今天，她用那个来之不易的学位来倡导宽容和接纳，她说："我们也为同样的事业牺牲了很多，那就是民主。"
You have the chance to overcome hatred and make sure that freedom rather than repression, hope rather than fear is governing your country. You have the power to set your own countries on a new and different path. 你们有机会克服仇恨，确保自由而不是压迫、希望而不是恐惧统治着你们的国家。你们有能力让你们自己的国家走上一条新的、不同的道路。
And in all of this, America wants to be your partner. We want to help any way that we can to help you shape your future. We want you to have the tools and the connections and the resources that you need to change the world. 在所有这一切中，美国希望成为你们的伙伴。我们想尽我们所能帮助你们塑造未来。我们希望你们拥有改变世界所需的工具、人脉和资源。
So one way that we can do this, I'm announcing a significant expansion of the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Fellowship, an exchange program that will bring 500 Southeast Asian leaders to the United States every year. And these fellows will have the chance to strengthen their professional leadership skills, network with one another, share experiences and ideas, and then come back home better prepared to lead your region and change the world. 所以我们可以做到这一点的一个方式是，我宣布大幅扩大东南亚青年领袖倡议奖学金项目，这是一个交流项目，每年将500名东南亚领袖带到美国。这些研究员将有机会加强他们的专业领导技能，相互建立联系，分享经验和想法，然后回国后更好地准备领导你们的地区并改变世界。
So some of these fellows will benefit from five-week instruction at some of the best universities in America on issues like entrepreneurship and environmental stewardship and civil society and human rights. Others will have the chance to work in professional fellowships at state and local governments and NGOs across the United States. And, by the way, through this program that I hope some of you will be able to take advantage of, when you spend time in the United States our people learn from you. So it's not just you learning from us. 其中一些研究员将受益于在美国一些最好的大学进行的为期五周的教学，涉及创业、环境管理、公民社会和人权等议题。其他人将有机会在美国各地的州和地方政府以及非政府组织进行专业实习。顺便说一下，通过这个我希望你们中的一些人能够利用的项目，当你们在美国度过一段时间时，我们的人民也会从你们身上学习。所以不只是你们向我们学习。
And when these fellows then return home with these new ideas and new experiences, our embassies and USAID missions will reach out and offer the support and resources to help make your dreams a reality. So today I'm proud to announce that America will convene a young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Summit in this region every year, giving fellows the chance to share their successes with each other and strengthen their network to accomplish even more. 当这些研究员带着新的想法和新的经验回国时，我们的大使馆和美国国际开发署使团将伸出援手，提供支持和资源，帮助你们实现梦想。所以今天我自豪地宣布，美国将每年在这个地区举办一次东南亚青年领袖倡议峰会，让研究员们有机会分享他们的成功，加强他们的网络以取得更大的成就。
So I hope some of you will take advantage of this. I expect many of you will take up the mantle of reform from student activists like Aung San Suu Kyi and Min Ko Naing; take your rightful place as leaders in a stable and prosperous and progressive Southeast Asia. And as you do, I promise you will have no better friend and partner than the United States of America. 所以我希望你们中的一些人能够利用这个机会。我期待你们中的许多人从昂山素季、敏哥奈等学生活动家手中接过改革的接力棒；在一个稳定、繁荣和进步的东南亚中占据你们作为领袖应有的位置。当你们这样做时，我保证你们不会有比美利坚合众国更好的朋友和伙伴了。
So thank you very much. Kyeizu tin ba de. I now want to take your questions. 非常感谢你们。谢谢你们。我现在想回答你们的问题。
And I hope you don't mind, because it's a little warm in Myanmar, I'm going to take off my jacket. 我希望你们不介意，因为缅甸有点热，我要脱掉外套。
Okay, so there should be -- I've got a microphone, and there should be mics in the audience. And I'll take as many questions as I can before I have to go to Australia. 好的，应该有——我有一个麦克风，观众席里应该也有麦克风。在我去澳大利亚之前，我会尽可能多地回答问题。
All right, who wants to go first? This young man right here. 好的，谁先来？这位年轻人，就是你。
Question: I'm [inaudible.] I'm a third-year student, majoring in English at Sittwe University, Rakhine state, or as you would say, Rakhine state. 问：我是（听不清）。我是三年级学生，在若开邦实兑大学主修英语，或者像您会说的，若开邦。
President Obama: I'm still working on my pronunciation. 奥巴马总统：我的发音还在练习中。
Question: I've experienced some sectarian and racial balance firsthand in my region. So the question I would like to ask you to answer is: How can I be part of educating my generation to promote tolerance and respect cultural differences, and most of all, eradicate extremism among different ethnic groups? 问：我在我的地区亲身经历了一些教派和种族冲突。所以我想请您回答的问题是：我如何才能参与教育我的同龄人，促进宽容和尊重文化差异，最重要的是，消除不同民族之间的极端主义？
President Obama: That's a great question. Thank you so much. I had a chance to meet with some civil society groups, and I had a press conference earlier today. Yesterday, I had a chance to meet with parliamentarians, including the speaker -- the two speakers, as well as Aung San Suu Kyi, and then spoke with the President. And to all of them, I said this: There is no example of a country that is successful if its people are divided based on religion or ethnicity. 奥巴马总统：这是个好问题。非常感谢。我有机会会见了一些公民社会团体，今天早些时候我还举行了一场新闻发布会。昨天，我有机会会见了议员，包括议长——两位议长，还有昂山素季，然后与总统交谈。我对他们所有人都说了这番话：没有一个国家如果人民因宗教或种族而分裂能够取得成功。
If you look at the Middle East right now and the chaos that’s taking place in a place like Syria, so much of that is based on religious differences. Even though they’re all Muslim, Shia and Sunni are fighting each other. If you look in Northern Ireland, then Catholics and Protestants fought for decades and only now have arrived at peace. 如果你看看现在的中东和叙利亚这样的地方发生的混乱，其中很大一部分是基于宗教分歧。尽管他们都是穆斯林，什叶派和逊尼派却在互相争斗。如果你看看北爱尔兰，天主教徒和新教徒战斗了几十年，直到现在才实现和平。
So in this globalized world where people of different faiths and cultures and races are going to meet each other inevitably -- because nobody just lives in a village anymore; people are constantly getting information from different places and new ideas and meeting people who are different from them –- 所以在这个全球化的世界里，不同信仰、文化和种族的人们不可避免地会相遇——因为没有人再只生活在一个村庄里；人们不断从不同地方获取信息和新思想，遇到与自己不同的人——
it is critical for any country to abide by the basic principle that all people are equal, all people are deserving of respect, all people are equal under the law, all people can participate in the life of their country, all people should be able to express their views without fear of being repressed. 任何国家都必须遵守一个基本原则，即人人平等，人人都应得到尊重，法律面前人人平等，人人都可以参与国家生活，人人都应该能够表达自己的观点而不必担心受到压迫。
And those attitudes start with each of us individually. It's important that government play a role in making sure that it applies laws fairly, not arbitrarily, not on the basis of preferring one group over another. 而这些态度始于我们每个人。政府在确保公平执法方面发挥作用很重要，而不是任意执法，不是偏袒某一群体胜过另一群体。
But what’s also true is that each of us have to cultivate an attitude of tolerance and mutual respect. And for young people, we have to try to encourage each other to be tolerant and respectful. So in the United States, obviously one of the biggest problems historically has been the issue of racial discrimination. And part of our efforts to overcome racial discrimination involve passing laws like the Civil Rights Law and the Voting Rights Law, and that required marches and protests and Dr. King. 但同样真实的是，我们每个人都必须培养宽容和相互尊重的态度。对于年轻人来说，我们必须努力鼓励彼此宽容和尊重。所以在美国，历史上最大的问题之一显然是种族歧视问题。我们克服种族歧视的努力部分包括通过《民权法》和《投票权法》等法律，这需要游行和抗议，需要金博士。
But part of the effort was also people changing the hearts and minds, and realizing that just because somebody doesn’t look like me doesn’t mean that they’re not worthy of respect. 但部分努力也在于人们改变内心和思想，意识到仅仅因为某人长得不像我并不意味着他们不值得尊重。
And when you’re growing up and you saw a friend of yours call somebody by a derogatory name, a rude name because they were different, it’s your job to say to that person, actually, that’s not the right way to think. If you are Christian and you have a friend who says I hate Muslims, then it’s up to you to say to that friend, you know what, I don’t believe in that; I think that’s the wrong attitude, I think we have to be respectful of the Muslim population. If you’re Buddhist and you say -- you hear somebody in your group say I want to treat a Hindu differently, it’s your job to speak out. 当你长大后，你看到你的朋友用侮辱性的名字称呼别人，因为他们不同而用粗鲁的名字称呼他们，你有责任对那个人说，实际上，那不是正确的思考方式。如果你是基督徒，你有一个朋友说我恨穆斯林，那么你有责任对那个朋友说，你知道吗，我不相信那样；我认为那种态度是错误的，我认为我们必须尊重穆斯林人口。如果你是佛教徒，你听到你团体里有人说我想区别对待印度教徒，你有责任站出来说话。
So the most important thing I think is for you to, in whatever circle of influence you have, speak out on behalf of tolerance and diversity and respect. If you are quiet, then the people who are intolerant, they’ll own the stage and they’ll set the terms of the debate. And one of the things that leadership requires is saying things even when it’s uncomfortable, even when it’s unpopular -- especially when it’s unpopular. So I hope that as you get more influence, you’ll continue to speak out on behalf of these values. 所以我认为最重要的是，无论你在哪个影响圈里，都要为宽容、多样性和尊重发声。如果你保持沉默，那么那些不宽容的人就会占据舞台，他们会设定辩论的条件。领导力要求之一就是即使在不舒服的时候也要说话，即使在不受欢迎的时候也要说话——尤其是在不受欢迎的时候。所以我希望随着你们获得更多影响力，你们将继续为这些价值观发声。
All right, who’s next? 好的，下一位是谁？
Okay, I’m going to go –- now, the one thing I’m going to do is I’m going to go boy, girl, boy, girl to make sure that it’s fair, because one thing I didn’t say in my initial speech is societies that are most successful also treat their women and girls with respect. Otherwise, they won’t be successful. 好的，我接下来要——现在，我要做的一件事是男生、女生、男生、女生轮着来，确保公平，因为我在开场讲话中没说的一件事是，最成功的社会也尊重他们的妇女和女孩。否则，它们就不会成功。
The young lady in the yellow, right there, who had her hand up. Okay, hold on so we can get a microphone. 那位穿黄色衣服的年轻女士，就在那边，她举着手的。好的，等一下，我们拿个麦克风过来。
Question: I am [inaudible]. I am Kachin and Burmese. I would like to ask about the ASEAN affair. So my question is, there are different political system and different level of democratic freedom in ASEAN. Do you think those differences will cost challenges to ASEAN integration? And do you believe it is the right time to push for ASEAN integration? Thank you. 问：我是（听不清）。我是克钦族和缅甸族。我想问关于东盟事务的问题。所以我的问题是，东盟有不同的政治制度和不同程度的民主自由。您认为这些差异会给东盟一体化带来挑战吗？您认为现在是推动东盟一体化的合适时机吗？谢谢。
President Obama: Of the 10 countries in ASEAN, I just had a chance to meet with all their leaders at the U.S.-ASEAN Summit. And the good news is that ASEAN has become more ambitious over the last several years in trying to promote integration, to work together on issues like disaster relief or public health or maritime security or improved education. And I think it’s inevitable that integration is going to happen more and more. 奥巴马总统：在东盟10个国家中，我刚刚有机会在美国-东盟峰会上与所有领导人会面。好消息是，东盟在过去几年中变得更有雄心，努力促进一体化，在救灾、公共卫生、海上安全或改善教育等问题上开展合作。我认为一体化越来越深入是不可避免的。
And my hope is that by encouraging integration, that the countries who are doing better on issues like democracy and human rights have a positive influence in bringing up those countries that don’t have such a good record. And we’ve actually I think seen that happen. Listen, when I first came into office, Myanmar was still very much a dictatorship. And there was some controversy about me participating in an ASEAN Summit because there was still no freedom in Myanmar. 我的希望是，通过鼓励一体化，那些在民主和人权等问题上做得更好的国家能够对那些记录不那么好的国家产生积极影响，带动它们进步。实际上我认为我们已经看到了这种情况发生。听着，我刚上任时，缅甸还基本上是一个独裁国家。我参加东盟峰会曾引起一些争议，因为缅甸仍然没有自由。
And I think that President Thein Sein, because he was with leaders like SBY of Indonesia -- see there, all right, the Indonesians started cheering -- who had traveled the path of democracy, I think President Thein Sein began to see how more open societies were becoming more successful, and I think had a positive influence on -- I think his participation in ASEAN had a positive influence in providing an opening to begin the process of transition here in Myanmar. 我认为登盛总统，因为他和印度尼西亚的苏西洛等领导人在一起——看，好了，印尼人开始欢呼了——这些领导人走过了民主道路，我认为登盛总统开始看到更加开放的社会如何变得更加成功，我认为这产生了积极影响——我认为他参与东盟对开启缅甸的转型进程产生了积极影响。
But it’s important I think that even as we engage with countries that are less open or less democratic, that we also continue to apply constructive criticism where they fall backwards, where they fall short. And sometimes that’s hard to do. I think a lot of the leaders of ASEAN don’t like to criticize each other because they think that it’s not respectful. And no country is perfect, so they worry that if we criticize one country then somebody will criticize us. 但我认为重要的是，即使我们与那些不太开放或不太民主的国家接触，我们也必须在它们倒退、不达标的时候继续提出建设性批评。有时这很难做到。我认为很多东盟领导人不喜欢互相批评，因为他们认为那样不尊重。而且没有一个国家是完美的，所以他们担心如果我们批评一个国家，那么就会有人批评我们。
But I think the goal should be for all of us to try to improve what we do on behalf of our people every single day. I’m very proud of the United States. I believe that the United States is a force for good around the world. But I wouldn’t be a good President if I don’t listen to criticism of our policies and stay open to what other countries say about us. Sometimes I think those criticisms are unfair. Sometimes I think people like to complain about the United States because we’re doing too much. Sometimes they complain because they’re doing too little. 但我认为目标应该是我们所有人都努力每天为我们的人民改进我们所做的事情。我为美国感到非常自豪。我相信美国是全世界一股向善的力量。但如果我不听对我们政策的批评，不对其他国家对我们的看法持开放态度，我就不是一个好总统。有时我认为那些批评是不公平的。有时我认为人们喜欢抱怨美国，因为我们做得太多了。有时他们抱怨是因为他们做得太少了。
Every problem around the world, why isn’t the United States doing something about it. Sometimes there are countries that don’t take responsibility for themselves and they want us to fix it. And then when we do try to fix it, they say why are you meddling in our affairs. Yes, it’s kind of frustrating sometimes. 世界上每一个问题，为什么美国不做点什么。有时有些国家不为自己承担责任，他们希望我们来解决。然后当我们真的试图解决时，他们又说为什么你要干涉我们的事务。是的，有时候这确实有点令人沮丧。
But the fact that we are getting these criticisms means that we’re constantly thinking, okay, is this how we should apply this policy? Are we doing the right thing when we provide aid to a country, but the country is still ruled by a small elite and maybe it’s not getting down to the people? Are we doing the right thing when we engage in training a military to become more professional, but maybe the military is still engaging in repressive activity? If we’re not open to those criticisms, then we won’t get better, we won’t improve. 但我们收到这些批评的事实意味着我们在不断思考，好吧，我们应该这样执行这项政策吗？当我们向一个国家提供援助，但这个国家仍然由一小撮精英统治，也许援助并没有到达人民手中，我们这样做对吗？当我们参与训练军队使其更加专业化，但也许军队仍然在从事镇压活动，我们这样做对吗？如果我们不对这些批评持开放态度，我们就不会变得更好，我们就不会进步。
And I think all of us should be interested in trying to get better, because none of us are perfect and no country is perfect. So I do think ASEAN has an opportunity to play a very important role. But integration is inevitable just because of the nature of economies today. There’s too much travel, there’s too much Internet, there are too many smartphones. When I was driving through here, everybody had a smartphone. I saw a bunch of people -- they didn’t have any shirt, but they had a smartphone. 我认为我们所有人都应该有兴趣努力变得更好，因为我们没有人是完美的，没有一个国家是完美的。所以我确实认为东盟有机会发挥非常重要的作用。但一体化是不可避免的，因为当今经济的本质就是这样。旅行太多了，互联网太多了，智能手机太多了。我开车经过这里的时候，每个人都有智能手机。我看到一群人——他们没穿衬衫，但他们有智能手机。
So what that means is -- and most manufacturing today of various products, the parts are made in, like, five different countries, and then they become integrated in some fashion. And then they’re sold all around the world. So integration is going to happen no matter what. The question is, do we integrate at a high level that improves freedom and improves opportunity, or are we integrating at a low level, where there’s less freedom and less opportunity. And I believe integrating at a high level, and I hope most members of ASEAN do also. 所以这意味着——如今大多数产品的制造，零部件都是在大约五个不同的国家生产的，然后以某种方式组装起来。然后它们销往世界各地。所以一体化无论如何都会发生。问题是，我们是在高水平上一体化，增进自由和机会，还是在低水平上一体化，那里自由更少，机会更少。我主张高水平的一体化，我希望东盟的大多数成员也这样做。
All right, it’s a guy’s turn now. I don’t want to discriminate against the men. This gentleman right here. Yes, with the mustache and the beard. There you go. There’s a microphone coming right here. You can just stay where you are. Careful. Hold on to her, so she doesn’t fall. 好的，现在轮到男生了。我不想歧视男士们。这位先生，就是你。对，有胡子的那位。好的。麦克风马上就到。你就站在原地。小心。扶好她，别让她摔倒。
Question: Hello, Mr. President Obama. My name is [inaudible] and I am studying law. My question is, now we are in the democratic transition, so our country is facing so many challenges in every sector. So if you were the President of Myanmar -- which sector you will focus on first? And how you will make our country develop? Thank you. 问：您好，奥巴马总统先生。我叫（听不清），我正在学习法律。我的问题是，现在我们正处于民主转型中，所以我们国家在各个领域都面临着如此多的挑战。所以如果您是缅甸总统——您会首先关注哪个领域？您将如何让我们的国家发展？谢谢。
President Obama: Well, let me just say, you’re always popular in somebody else’s country. When you’re in your own country, everybody is complaining. I think you’re right, Myanmar has so many challenges. I think the most important challenge right now is completing the transition to democracy. And so my first focus is I think the focus that many people have already talked about. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我只想说，你在别人的国家总是很受欢迎的。当你在自己的国家时，每个人都在抱怨。我认为你说得对，缅甸有这么多挑战。我认为目前最重要的挑战是完成向民主的过渡。所以我的首要重点是我认为很多人已经谈论过的。
Number one, there needs to be an election next year. It shouldn’t be delayed. Number two, there should be constitutional amendments that ensure a transition over time to a fully civilian government. Number three, there needs to be laws put in place to protect freedom of the press, freedom of expression, freedom to politically organize. 第一，明年必须举行选举。不应该推迟。第二，应该进行宪法修正案，确保逐步过渡到一个完全的文官政府。第三，应该制定法律来保护新闻自由、言论自由、政治组织自由。
And I think that if that process is fixed and institutionalized and made permanent, and you now have the tools to deal with all the other challenges, and I think that inevitably what would happen if you had a genuine democracy in Myanmar is the focus next would then be on providing economic opportunity, because Myanmar is still a very poor country. And what we know in the 21st century is, is that the most important tools for economic opportunity are making sure that young people are getting a good education. 我认为如果这个进程得到修复、制度化并永久化，那么你们就有了应对所有其他挑战的工具，而且我认为，如果缅甸有了真正的民主，接下来不可避免地会将重点放在提供经济机会上，因为缅甸仍然是一个非常贫穷的国家。我们在21世纪知道的是，经济机会最重要的工具是确保年轻人获得良好的教育。
And my understanding is, is that the education system in Myanmar is still under-developed. I think all of you represent the best of Myanmar’s students. But my understanding is there are many villages you go to where there’s really no schools, as a practical matter, and many of the schools still teach just how to memorize certain things rather than how to think critically about problems. 我的理解是，缅甸的教育系统仍然不发达。我认为你们所有人都代表了缅甸学生中最优秀的。但我的理解是，你们去的很多村庄里实际上没有学校，实际上，很多学校仍然只是教如何记忆某些东西，而不是如何批判性地思考问题。
And every country at this point, if it wants to succeed, needs to put in place free, compulsory education for its young people -- because they just can’t succeed unless they have some basic skills. They have to be able to read. They have to be able to do mathematics. They have to have some familiarity with computers. They have to be able to understand basic principles of science. If you don’t have those basic tools, then it’s very hard to find a decent job in today’s economy. 而每个国家在这一点上，如果想要成功，都需要为年轻人提供免费的义务教育——因为除非他们有一些基本技能，否则他们不可能成功。他们必须能够阅读。他们必须能够做数学。他们必须对计算机有一些了解。他们必须能够理解基本的科学原理。如果你没有这些基本工具，那么在当今的经济中很难找到一份体面的工作。
Now, because Myanmar is still very agricultural, I think issues of land reform and trying to increase productivity in the agricultural sector is also a very immediate and urgent problem. This is true not just in Myanmar; this is true in many relatively poor countries. In Africa, for example, we initiated something called Feed the Future, and the whole goal is to improve the productivity of farmers. And farmers in many poor countries, they still use the same techniques that they used 200 years ago. They’re still using a buffalo or an ox, and waiting on the rains. 现在，因为缅甸仍然以农业为主，我认为土地改革和提高农业部门生产力的问题也是一个非常紧迫和迫切的问题。这不仅在缅甸是如此；在许多相对贫穷的国家都是如此。例如，在非洲，我们发起了一个叫做"保障未来粮食供给"的项目，整个目标就是提高农民的生产力。许多贫穷国家的农民仍然使用200年前的同样技术。他们仍然使用水牛或牛，靠天吃饭。
And sometimes the new techniques, they're not necessarily expensive; it's just a matter of applying them scientifically. 有时新技术不一定很昂贵；只是需要科学地应用它们。
And if you double yields for a farm and double income for farmers in a country like Myanmar, suddenly you have increased wealth, which means that some people now can start businesses. Maybe now somebody can take some of the profits they made and invest in a tractor, or they can start processing the rice that they produce so that they can gain more value. Or they may be able to buy a smartphone so they know what the prices are in the market, and not get taken advantage of. So just small changes are really important. 如果你在缅甸这样的国家让农场的产量翻一番，让农民的收入翻一番，你就突然增加了财富，这意味着一些人现在可以开始创业了。也许现在有人可以用他们赚的利润投资一台拖拉机，或者他们可以开始加工他们生产的大米，这样他们就能获得更多价值。或者他们可能能够买一部智能手机，这样他们就知道市场价格，不会被占便宜。所以即使是小的变化也非常重要。
Now, my understanding, and I'm not expert, is that some of that will also require some reforms in terms of land ownership and leasing so that people can keep the products of their labor, as opposed to just being essentially what we call sharecroppers in the United States, where you're working the land, but you're giving it over to somebody else and never getting ahead. 我的理解是，我不是专家，其中一些还需要在土地所有权和租赁方面进行一些改革，这样人们才能保留他们的劳动成果，而不是基本上成为我们在美国所说的佃农——你耕种土地，但把收成交给别人，永远无法出人头地。
So those are just two examples of things that I think will happen naturally if you've got a democratic system in place. 所以这些只是我认为如果有了民主制度就会自然发生的事情的两个例子。
All right, it's a young lady's turn. So this young lady in the glasses right here. She's waving very hard, so she must have an excellent question. 好的，现在轮到年轻女士了。那位戴眼镜的年轻女士，就是你。她挥手挥得很用力，所以她一定有一个很棒的问题。
Question: Good morning. My name is [inaudible]. 问：早上好。我叫（听不清）。
President Obama: It's afternoon, though. Maybe you've been waiting here since morning. But now it's the afternoon. 奥巴马总统：不过现在是下午了。也许你从早上就一直在这里等着。但现在是下午了。
Question: But you can call me Amy [ph]. I want to ask one question. My question is, now we are working on IT, so America is already doubled up in IT. So can you provide any development center of IT and job opportunity for youth? 问：但您可以叫我艾米。我想问一个问题。我的问题是，现在我们在IT行业工作，所以美国在IT方面已经领先很多了。所以您能提供任何IT发展中心和青年就业机会吗？
President Obama: Well, I was just talking to the civil society groups, and there was one person there who mentioned that Internet penetration in Myanmar is still only about 9 percent, which means there's enormous room for growth. The issue for IT in a country like Myanmar is, first of all, setting up the infrastructure -- whether it's wireless or other methods -- so that people can start communicating. And once the hardware is in place, then where the real development happens is in the software. And that's where it's really a matter of education, training, and developing a homegrown capacity. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我刚才在和公民社会团体交谈，那里有一个人提到缅甸的互联网普及率仍然只有大约9%，这意味着增长空间巨大。在像缅甸这样的国家，IT的问题首先是建立基础设施——无论是无线还是其他方式——这样人们就可以开始交流。一旦硬件到位，真正的发展就在于软件。而那才是真正关乎教育、培训和发展本土能力的问题。
And so what we'll do is we'll work with both civil society groups, as well as the government, to find opportunities where we can promote the building of the infrastructure that's required. But what's really required is also making sure that young people are trained. 所以我们要做的是，我们将与公民社会团体以及政府合作，寻找机会促进所需基础设施的建设。但真正需要的也是确保年轻人得到培训。
And part of what's going to have to happen is, in the United States most of the IT development happened through the private sector. Government invested in research, and so the idea of the Internet was developed with the help of government funding. But what became then the World Wide Web and then all the applications and social media and all that was really developed through the private sector. So part of what has to happen once democracy is installed in Myanmar is then also looking at how are you structuring laws to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. 而必须发生的部分事情是，在美国，大部分IT发展都是通过私营部门进行的。政府投资于研究，所以互联网的概念是在政府资助的帮助下发展起来的。但后来成为万维网以及所有应用程序和社交媒体等等，实际上都是通过私营部门发展起来的。所以缅甸一旦建立了民主制度，也需要考虑的一部分是，你如何构建法律来鼓励创新和创业精神。
So, for example, one of the debates that we're having in trade negotiations with Asian countries in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the big trade initiative that we're moving forward, is the need to protect intellectual property. If you invent a better tractor, then in the United States, you go to a patent office and you register your patent. You show that this is a new invention. And if anybody then wants to produce this new tractor, they have to pay you for using your idea. The same is true for intellectual property. 例如，我们在与亚洲国家的跨太平洋伙伴关系贸易谈判中正在进行的辩论之一，就是保护知识产权的必要性。如果你发明了一台更好的拖拉机，那么在美国，你去专利局注册你的专利。你证明这是一项新发明。如果任何人想要生产这台新拖拉机，他们必须为使用你的想法向你付费。知识产权也是如此。
If you come up with the idea of Facebook, then you need to be able to get a benefit from this idea. 如果你想出了Facebook这样的点子，那么你需要能够从这个想法中获得收益。
And one of the problems I think that you still have in many countries in Southeast Asia and around the world is weak intellectual property protections, which means that if you're an entrepreneur with a good idea, you don't want to start your business here, because next thing you know somebody steals your idea and they just start their business. So you'd rather start the idea in the United States where you know that it will be protected. And then maybe you will lease to other countries, but the jobs and the opportunities will have been created someplace else. 我认为东南亚和世界上许多国家仍然存在的一个问题是知识产权保护薄弱，这意味着如果你是一个有好想法的企业家，你不想在这里创业，因为转眼就有人偷走了你的想法，开始了他们自己的生意。所以你宁愿在美国开创这个想法，因为你知道它会受到保护。然后也许你会授权给其他国家，但就业机会和机会已经在其他地方创造了。
So setting up regulatory structures, protections for intellectual property, all those things are also going to be very important in order to get a strong IT culture and an innovation culture here in Myanmar and throughout the region. 所以建立监管结构、知识产权保护，所有这些对于在缅甸和整个地区建立强大的IT文化和创新文化也将非常重要。
Okay, it's a man's turn. Let's see. I'm going to go with this guy right here. Hold on a second. Now, you're not going to read that whole thing, are you? Because -- 好的，现在轮到男士了。让我看看。我要选这位先生。等一下。你该不会要把那整个东西都读出来吧？因为——
Question: I read you a question -- 问：我给您读一个问题——
President Obama: I think you have to summarize it quickly because we don't want -- 奥巴马总统：我认为你得快速总结一下，因为我们不想——
Question: Yes, yes, just want to give you a kind of sheet, cheat sheet. 问：好的，好的，只是想给您一张纸，小抄。
President Obama: Yes, I'll take the sheet. 奥巴马总统：好的，我收下纸。
Question: Okay. 问：好的。
President Obama: There you go. All right. 奥巴马总统：好的。
Question: I have only one question. 问：我只有一个问题。
President Obama: There are like -- there are 20 questions on here. 奥巴马总统：这上面有——有20个问题呢。
Question: Just want you to know -- 问：只是想让您知道——
President Obama: Why don't you just ask me one of them? I'll read the rest. 奥巴马总统：你为什么不问我其中一个？剩下的我会读。
Question: My question, as you know -- may I know your opinion about like how to create national identity, or like Myanmar identity -- different, strong identity in our country? 问：我的问题，如您所知——我想知道您对如何创建国家认同，或者说缅甸认同——我们国家不同的、强大的认同有什么看法？
President Obama: Yes. That's a great question. Yes, I was talking about this with the civil society groups because we are very supportive of the efforts to get a ceasefire and a peace process with the ethnic groups that have been engaged in armed conflict for a long time. And we've already talked about some of the problems that the Muslim populations have faced in Rakhine state. 奥巴马总统：是的。这是个好问题。是的，我刚才和公民社会团体谈到了这一点，因为我们非常支持实现停火的努力，以及与长期以来一直处于武装冲突的民族团体的和平进程。我们已经谈到了穆斯林人口在若开邦面临的一些问题。
But what I said to the civil society groups is, yes, it is important to protect specific ethnic groups from discrimination. And it is natural in a democracy that ethnic groups organize among themselves to be heard in the halls of power. So in the United States, for example, as its democracy developed, the Irish in big cities, they came together and they built organizations, and they were able to promote the interests of Irish Americans. And African Americans, when they were seeking their freedom, you had organizations like the NAACP that promoted the interests of African Americans. 但我对公民社会团体说的是，是的，保护特定民族群体免受歧视很重要。在民主国家，民族群体组织起来以便在权力殿堂中被听到是很自然的。所以在美国，例如，随着民主的发展，大城市里的爱尔兰人聚集在一起，建立组织，他们能够促进爱尔兰裔美国人的利益。非裔美国人在寻求自由时，有像全国有色人种协进会这样的组织来促进非裔美国人的利益。
So there's nothing wrong with groups organizing around ethnic identity, or around economic interests, or around regional concerns. That's how a democracy naturally works. You get with people who agree with you or who are like you to make sure that your concerns are heard. 所以群体围绕民族认同、经济利益或地区关切组织起来没有什么错。这就是民主自然运作的方式。你和与你意见一致或相像的人聚在一起，确保你的关切被听到。
But what I said is that it is important for a democracy that people's identities are also a national identity. If you walk down the streets of New York City, you will see people looking more different than this group right here. You'll see blue-eyed, blonde people. You'll see dark-skinned, black people. You'll see Asians. You'll see Muslims. You'll see -- but if you ask any of those people, “What are you?” -- I'm American. 但我说的是，对于民主来说，人们的身份也应该是国家身份，这一点很重要。如果你走在纽约市的街道上，你会看到人们比这里这群人长得更不一样。你会看到蓝眼睛金发的人。你会看到深肤色的黑人。你会看到亚洲人。你会看到穆斯林。你会看到——但如果你问其中任何一个人，"你是什么人？"——我是美国人。
Now I may be an African American or an Asian American or an Irish American, but the first thing I'll say is, I'm an American. 现在我可能是非裔美国人或亚裔美国人或爱尔兰裔美国人，但我首先会说，我是美国人。
And if you don't have that sense of national unity, then it's very hard for a country to succeed -- particularly a small country like Myanmar. If people think in terms of ethnic identity before national identity, then I think over time the country will start breaking apart and democracy will not work. So there has to be a sense of common purpose. 如果你没有那种民族团结感，那么一个国家就很难成功——尤其是像缅甸这样的小国。如果人们在考虑民族认同之前先考虑国家认同，那么我认为随着时间的推移，国家会开始分裂，民主就不会奏效。所以必须有一种共同目标感。
But that's not an excuse then for majority groups to say, don’t complain, to ethnic minorities -- because the ethnic minorities may have some real complaints. And part of what is important for the majority groups to do -- if, in fact, you have a national identity, that means that you've got to be concerned with a minority also because it reflects badly on your country if somebody from a minority group is not being treated fairly. 但这不是多数群体因此就可以对少数民族说，别抱怨了的借口——因为少数民族可能有一些真正的抱怨。而多数群体需要做的重要事情之一是——如果你真的有国家认同，那意味着你也必须关心少数民族，因为如果少数民族的人没有得到公平对待，这会让你的国家蒙羞。
America could not live up to its potential until it treated its black citizens fairly. That's just a fact, that that was a stain on America when an entire group of people couldn't vote, or didn't have legal protections. Because it made all the Declarations of Independence and Constitution and rule of law, it made that seem like an illusion. 美国在公平对待其黑人公民之前无法发挥其潜力。这是事实，当一整群人不能投票或没有法律保护时，那是美国的污点。因为这让所有的《独立宣言》、宪法和法治都显得像是一种幻觉。
And so when the Civil Rights Movement happened in the United States, that wasn't just a victory for African Americans, that was a victory for America because what it showed was that the whole country was going to be concerned about everybody, not just about some people. And it was a victory for America's national identity that it was treating minorities fairly. 所以当美国发生民权运动时，那不仅仅是非裔美国人的胜利，那是美国的胜利，因为它表明整个国家都会关心每个人，而不仅仅是某些人。公平对待少数民族，这是美国国家认同的胜利。
And that's I think how every country in ASEAN, including Myanmar, needs to think about these problems. You need to respect people's differences. You need to be attentive to the grievances of minorities that may be discriminated against. But both the majority and the minority, the powerful and the powerless, also have to have a sense of national identity in order to be successful. 我认为东盟每个国家，包括缅甸，都需要这样思考这些问题。你们需要尊重人们的差异。你们需要关注可能受到歧视的少数民族的不满。但多数群体和少数群体，有权势的和无权无势的，也都必须有国家认同感才能成功。
I got time for two more questions. Two more. He said one, but I'm going to take two. See, it's going to be one of you three. What do you think? Who should -- out of the three of you, who should I call on? Are you friends? Okay, so why don't you decide? What do you think? Okay, yes, rock, paper, scissors. Let's see. Who won? Okay, go on. There you go. What did you win with? Were you scissors or rock? Were you rock or scissors or paper? 我还有时间再回答两个问题。两个。他说一个，但我要回答两个。看，你们三个中的一个。你们觉得呢？我该叫谁——你们三个当中，我该叫谁？你们是朋友吗？好的，那你们为什么不自己决定呢？你们觉得呢？好的，石头剪刀布。让我看看。谁赢了？好的，去吧。好的。你用什么赢的？你出的剪刀还是石头？你出的石头还是剪刀还是布？
Question: Rock. 问：石头。
President Obama: Rock. 奥巴马总统：石头。
Question: I rock! 问：我赢了！
President Obama: You rock? 奥巴马总统：你赢了？
Question: Yes. 问：是的。
President Obama: Yes. 奥巴马总统：好的。
Question: Mingalaba, Mr. President. I am from Burma from [inaudible] in American Center. Right now we're working on a documentary on Yangon University, Congregation Hall where you spoke the last time you came. 问：敏格拉巴，总统先生。我来自缅甸，来自美国中心的（听不清）。现在我们正在制作一部关于仰光大学会堂的纪录片，就是您上次来访时发表讲话的地方。
President Obama: Yes, last time I was here. 奥巴马总统：是的，我上次来的时候。
Question: Yes. So as you know, Yangon University has reopened last year, 2013. So do think it is a good start to rebuild the higher education system in Burma? 问：是的。如您所知，仰光大学去年，也就是2013年重新开放了。所以您认为这是重建缅甸高等教育体系的一个好的开始吗？
President Obama: Well, I think it's a great start. But I think -- as I said before, one of the biggest challenges Myanmar is going to face is rebuilding its education system. And I think it has to start early. It has to start from the youngest ages. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我认为这是一个很棒的开始。但我认为——正如我之前所说，缅甸将面临的最大挑战之一是重建其教育体系。而且我认为必须尽早开始。必须从最小的年龄开始。
One of the things that we've learned from science is that the most that you will ever learn in your entire life happens from the time you're born until you're three years old. Between your birth and the age of three, that's when your brain is developing the most. And what we've learned, for example, is that when you read -- when parents read to young children even before the children know how to read, the children are building a vocabulary that will put them in a strong position then to learn how to read later on because they've heard the words over and over again. 我们从科学中学到的一件事是，你一生中学习最多的时期是从出生到三岁。从出生到三岁，是你的大脑发育最快的时候。我们了解到，例如，当你读书——当父母在孩子还不会读书的时候就给他们读书，孩子们就在建立词汇量，这将使他们在以后学习阅读时处于有利地位，因为他们一遍又一遍地听到了这些词。
And so I just make that point because it shows that if you're only worried about university education, but you're not worrying about what happens to children when they're three, four, five, six years old, then you're missing the foundation for a good education system. 我提出这一点是因为它表明，如果你只担心大学教育，而不担心孩子在三、四、五、六岁时发生的事情，那么你就错过了一个良好教育体系的基础。
And this is true in the United States, as well. We've got the best university system in the world. Obviously I'm biased because I'm the President of the United States, so I think everything in the United States is the best in the world. 在美国也是如此。我们拥有世界上最好的大学体系。显然我有偏见，因为我是美国总统，所以我认为美国的一切都是世界上最好的。
But I think anybody objectively would say that we have a system of universities and colleges that is unequaled anyplace else. But we still have problems. And one of the things that I'm spending a lot of time on reform is the elementary, secondary school levels. And also, even earlier having what we call early childhood education to get children off to a good start so that by the time they go to school, they already know their alphabet and they can already start reading at an early age. And I hope that that ends up being a basic emphasis here in Myanmar. 但我认为任何人客观地说都会承认，我们的大学和学院体系是无与伦比的。但我们仍然有问题。我花大量时间改革的事情之一是中小学教育水平。而且，甚至更早，我们有我们所谓的幼儿教育，让孩子们有一个好的开始，这样当他们上学时，他们已经认识字母表，已经能够在很小的时候开始阅读。我希望这最终会成为缅甸的一个基本重点。
But I also think that from what I've heard, one of the reforms that will need to take place in universities here is to make sure that in all the departments there is the ability for universities and students to shape curriculums and to have access to information from everywhere around the world, and that it's not just a narrow process of indoctrination. Because the best universities are ones that teach you how to think not what to think, right? A good education is not just knowing facts, although you need to know facts. You need to know that two plus two is four; it's not five. 但我也认为，据我所知，这里的大学需要进行的改革之一是确保在所有院系中，大学和学生都有能力制定课程，能够获取来自世界各地的信息，而不仅仅是一个狭隘的灌输过程。因为最好的大学是教你如何思考而不是思考什么的大学，对吗？好的教育不仅仅是了解事实，尽管你需要了解事实。你需要知道二加二等于四，而不是五。
That's an important fact. But you also need to know how to ask questions, and how to critically analyze a problem, and how to be able to distinguish between fact and opinion, and how to compare two different ideas. 这是一个重要的事实。但你也需要知道如何提出问题，如何批判性地分析问题，如何能够区分事实和观点，如何比较两种不同的想法。
And I think there's a danger sometimes in countries that are -- don't have a long tradition of higher education to try to narrow the learning process, as opposed to open it up. And I think that that's something that I'm sure university students here in Myanmar will want to express during the course of this transition period and the reforms that are taking place. 我认为有时在那些——没有悠久高等教育传统的国家，存在一种危险，就是试图缩小学习过程，而不是开放它。我认为这是缅甸的大学生在这个转型时期和正在进行的改革中肯定想要表达的东西。
All right, I've got time for one more question. Wait, wait, wait. No point in yelling. First of all, all the women have to put their hands down because I told you it was going to be boy, girl, boy, girl. And the second thing is, how many students are there from countries other than Myanmar who are here? Okay, so I think that in the interest of ASEAN unity, and because this is a Young Southeast Asian Leaders Forum, I've got to ask -- 好的，我还有时间再回答一个问题。等等，等等，等等。喊是没用的。首先，所有女生都得把手放下，因为我告诉过你们会是男生、女生、男生、女生轮着来。第二件事是，有多少学生来自缅甸以外的国家？好的，我认为为了东盟团结，也因为这是东南亚青年领袖论坛，我得问——
Question: [Inaudible.] 问：（听不清。）
President Obama: No, no, no, first of all, you can't -- I told you already that women aren't going to get a chance to ask the next question. Where are you from? 奥巴马总统：不，不，不，首先，你不能——我已经告诉过你们了，女生没有机会问下一个问题。你来自哪里？
Question: [Inaudible.] 问：（听不清。）
President Obama: Well, you're still in Burma. All right. Where you from? Sit down. Where you from? All right, let me -- I'm going to ask this guy, guy from the Philippines right here. Come on. You just started yelling. I didn't even call on you. 奥巴马总统：嗯，你还在缅甸。好的。你来自哪里？坐下。你来自哪里？好的，让我——我要叫这位先生，这位来自菲律宾的先生，过来。来吧。你刚才开始喊了。我都还没叫你呢。
Question: Good afternoon, Mr. President. My name is Ryan Louis Madrid. I'm from the Philippines. I'm one of the person you -- 问：下午好，总统先生。我叫瑞安·路易斯·马德里德。我来自菲律宾。我是您——
President Obama: I was just talking about you. 奥巴马总统：我刚才还在谈论你呢。
Question: Yes. And, yes, it gave me a little tear in my eyes. I thank you so much for putting us -- making me as, like, one of the models maybe for what youth can do for change. But my question really is, I just learned recently that the U.S. and ASEAN will be making a climate change statement. I'd like to know if you could tell us what this is all about, and how this would be different from the Kyoto Protocol and other climate change efforts in making real efforts towards curbing climate change. Thank you. 问：是的。而且，是的，这让我有点热泪盈眶。非常感谢您让我们——让我成为，比如，青年可以为变革做些什么的榜样之一。但我的问题真的是，我最近才了解到美国和东盟将发表一份气候变化声明。我想知道您能否告诉我们这是关于什么的，以及这与《京都议定书》和其他气候变化努力有何不同，在真正努力遏制气候变化方面。谢谢。
President Obama: Good. So first of all, let's just establish the science and the facts. The planet is getting warmer. The reason the planet is getting warmer is because human activity is releasing greenhouse gases that is trapping heat and increasing temperatures. And because you start getting a negative feedback loop, as it gets hotter, ice melts. The permafrost in places like Siberia start releasing methane gases. Ice packs in Greenland start melting. That then makes it even warmer. 奥巴马总统：好的。所以首先，让我们先确立科学和事实。地球正在变暖。地球变暖的原因是人类活动正在释放温室气体，这些气体捕获热量并提高温度。而且因为开始出现负反馈循环，随着天气变热，冰融化了。西伯利亚等地的永久冻土开始释放甲烷气体。格陵兰的冰盖开始融化。这然后使天气变得更热。
And we're on a trajectory in which the temperatures could rise so high that it would have catastrophic impacts around the world because temperatures start changing, weather patterns shift. Traditional monsoon seasons might completely reverse themselves. Areas that once used to have arable land suddenly now have long droughts. Areas that used to be temperate suddenly get floods. We're seeing the impacts in developed countries. We see it in my own country. And we're seeing impacts in poor countries. 我们正处于这样一个轨道上，温度可能会升得如此之高，以至于会在全世界造成灾难性的影响，因为温度开始变化，气候模式发生转变。传统的季风季节可能会完全逆转。曾经有可耕地的地区突然出现长期干旱。曾经是温带的地区突然遭遇洪水。我们在发达国家看到了影响。我们在我自己的国家看到了。我们在贫穷国家也看到了影响。
And we're seeing impacts, obviously, in island nations where if the temperatures continue to rise, we'll end up with oceans that are two feet or three feet higher, and it could swallow up entire countries. 而且我们显然在岛国看到了影响，如果温度继续上升，海洋最终会升高两英尺或三英尺，可能会吞没整个国家。
So this is perhaps the central challenge, the most important challenge facing humanity in the 21st century, is getting control of this. 所以这也许是21世纪人类面临的核心挑战，最重要的挑战，就是控制这个问题。
Now, the good news is that we can begin to slow down that process so that the temperatures only go up a certain level, and although we'll have to make some adaptations, it doesn't become catastrophic. But in order to do that, we have to start transitioning our economies to clean energy rather than dirty energy. It means that we have to start developing wind power and solar power. It means that societies have to use energy more efficiently. It means that we have to find ways to use safe nuclear power because they don't -- that doesn’t emit greenhouse gases. So there's no single answer. 现在，好消息是我们可以开始减缓这个过程，这样温度只会上升到一定水平，尽管我们必须做出一些适应，但它不会变成灾难性的。但要做到这一点，我们必须开始将我们的经济向清洁能源转型，而不是肮脏能源。这意味着我们必须开始发展风能和太阳能。这意味着社会必须更高效地使用能源。这意味着我们必须找到使用安全核能的方法，因为它不会——不排放温室气体。所以没有单一的答案。
There's a group of answers to the problem. 这个问题有一组答案。
And some of you may be aware that the United States and China are the two biggest emitters in the world. The United States had been the biggest emitter; China overtook us. In fairness to China, each individual Chinese person probably uses less energy and emits less greenhouse gases than an individual American. But there are a lot more Chinese than there are Americans. 你们中的一些人可能知道，美国和中国是世界上最大的两个排放国。美国曾经是最大的排放国；中国超过了我们。公平地说，中国每个人可能使用的能源和排放的温室气体比每个美国人少。但中国人比美国人多得多。
And if, as China continues to develop, they start matching the United States in how much carbon they release, we'll never survive. None of us. Same is true with India -- just because of the size of its population. And the same is true with Southeast Asia, which, as I said before, contains one out of every 10 people in the world. 如果随着中国继续发展，他们开始在碳排放量上赶上美国，我们将永远无法生存。我们谁都不能。印度也是如此——仅仅因为其人口规模。东南亚也是如此，正如我之前所说，它拥有世界上十分之一的人口。
So all of us are going to have to be a part of this. And the United States and China -- in a meeting with President Xi -- we announced that we are both going to set bold targets for greenhouse gas reductions from 2020 forward. 所以我们所有人都必须参与其中。美国和中国——在与习主席的会晤中——我们宣布我们都将为2020年以后的温室气体减排设定大胆的目标。
What we're encouraging ASEAN to do, individual ASEAN countries, is also to come up with goals for how they are going to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. And if all countries around the world put forward ambitious goals at a Paris conference that we're going to be having in 2015, then this can serve at the basis for collective action in reducing greenhouse gases. 我们正在鼓励东盟，东盟各个国家，也提出它们将如何减少温室气体排放的目标。如果世界上所有国家都在我们将于2015年举行的巴黎会议上提出雄心勃勃的目标，那么这可以作为集体行动减少温室气体的基础。
But although we know what we need to do, the transition will be difficult because -- just to give you one example -- Indonesia. 但尽管我们知道我们需要做什么，转型将是困难的，因为——举个例子——印度尼西亚。
Audience Member: Yeah! 观众：好！
President Obama: You might not want to cheer about this -- has been cutting down its forests at a very high rate in order to accommodate the palm oil industry. Now the palm oil industry is very lucrative, and you have some very big landholders and big companies who are making a lot of money from the palm oil industry. And they create some jobs. But when you just deforest entire sections of Sumatra or Borneo, that can end up having a devastating effect on the climate. 奥巴马总统：你们可能不想为此欢呼——一直在以非常高的速度砍伐森林，以适应棕榈油产业。现在棕榈油产业利润丰厚，你们有一些非常大的土地所有者和大公司从棕榈油产业中赚了很多钱。它们创造了一些就业机会。但是当你把苏门答腊或婆罗洲的整片森林都砍伐掉时，最终会对气候造成毁灭性影响。
There are countries in ASEAN that subsidize energy. Now, oftentimes this is with the best of intentions. The idea would be we want to make gasoline cheaper or electricity cheaper so that poor people can afford it. The problem is that when you subsidize energy, there's no incentive to use less energy. So typically when you have a lot of fuel subsidies, those economies are very inefficient in how they use energy, and they generate more pollution. 东盟有一些国家补贴能源。通常这是出于最好的意图。想法是我们想让汽油或电力更便宜，这样穷人就能负担得起。问题是，当你补贴能源时，就没有减少能源使用的动力。所以通常当你有很多燃料补贴时，这些经济体在能源使用方面非常低效，它们产生更多污染。
The countries that are most efficient in energy use, not only do they not subsidize energy -- in fact, they tax energy use. So you look like -- in a country like Norway, which produces a lot of oil, but gasoline there is still $6 or $7 a gallon, which in liters -- who wants to do a liter conversion for me? Anyway, it's very expensive. 能源使用效率最高的国家，不仅不补贴能源——事实上，它们对能源使用征税。所以你看——像挪威这样的国家，它生产大量石油，但那里的汽油仍然是每加仑6或7美元，换算成升的话——谁想帮我换算成升？反正就是非常贵。
So part of what we hope each country in ASEAN commits to is to take the steps that will be required to reduce or at least slow the growth of its carbon emissions, and then slowly start reducing them. And it doesn't have to be overnight, but the transition has to begin. 所以我们希望东盟每个国家承诺的一部分是，采取必要的步骤来减少或至少减缓其碳排放的增长，然后慢慢开始减少它们。不必一蹴而就，但转型必须开始。
So if you look at a country like Indonesia, making a commitment to reduce deforestation, reduce and eventually end fuel subsidies, those two things alone could probably help Indonesia meet a very bold carbon reduction goal. 所以如果你看看印度尼西亚这样的国家，承诺减少森林砍伐，减少并最终取消燃料补贴，仅这两件事就可能帮助印度尼西亚实现一个非常大胆的碳减排目标。
In the United States, I've instructed my Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the amount of greenhouse gases that power plants can send into the atmosphere. And we've doubled fuel-efficiency standards on cars. So in a few years, by the middle of the next century, by 2025, you won't be able to sell a car in the United States unless it is delivering twice as much mileage for every gallon of gas. 在美国，我已指示我的环境保护署监管发电厂可以向大气排放的温室气体数量。我们已经将汽车的燃油效率标准提高了一倍。所以几年后，到下世纪中叶，到2025年，你将不能在美国销售汽车，除非它每加仑汽油的行驶里程是现在的两倍。
And so you can build in transition times to get this done. But we have to start now. And this is probably a good place for me to end by just saying that the issue of climate change is a perfect example of why young people have to lead. 所以你可以设定转型时间来完成这件事。但我们必须从现在开始。这可能是我结束的好地方，我只想说，气候变化问题是为什么年轻人必须发挥领导作用的完美例子。
Because old people, they've created a mess, and then they'll be gone. And then you -- you're the ones who have to deal with it. And also what happens is old people get set in their ways. So the older you get, the more likely you are to say, that's how it's always been so that's how I'm going to keep on doing it -- even if there's a better way to do things. 因为老年人，他们制造了一团糟，然后他们就不在了。然后你们——你们才是必须处理它的人。而且发生的另一件事是老年人习惯了他们的方式。所以你越老，你就越有可能说，一直都是这样的，所以我要继续这样做——即使有更好的做事方式。
Young people, they're asking, well, why do I have to do it that way? Let's try it this way. And that kind of willingness to accept challenges and try things in a new way, to not be stuck in the past, or to look towards the future, that's what all of you represent. 年轻人，他们会问，嗯，为什么我必须那样做？让我们试试这种方式。那种接受挑战和尝试新方式的意愿，不囿于过去，或者展望未来，就是你们所有人所代表的。
So I'm hopeful that you have a chance to participate in our Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative Fellows Program. Maybe I'll see some of you in the United States. I'm sure all of you are going to do great things. And I hope all of you dream big and then work hard to achieve those dreams. 所以我希望你们有机会参与我们的东南亚青年领袖倡议奖学金项目。也许我会在美国见到你们中的一些人。我相信你们所有人都会做伟大的事情。我希望你们所有人都有远大的梦想，然后努力实现这些梦想。
Okay? Thank you very much, everybody. 好吗？非常感谢大家。