The Fourteen Points(十四点原则)

演讲内容

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演讲背景:1918年1月8日,美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊在国会发表了题为《十四点原则》的著名演讲。这是第一次世界大战结束前最重要的外交文件之一,为战后世界秩序的重建提供了宏伟蓝图。威尔逊提出了建立持久和平的14点方案,包括公开外交、公海自由、消除贸易壁垒、裁减军备、民族自决、建立国际联盟等核心原则。这篇演讲不仅深刻影响了凡尔赛和约的谈判和签订,更直接推动了国际联盟的建立,为现代国际组织的发展奠定了基础。威尔逊的理想主义外交思想至今仍具有重要的历史意义和现实价值。

It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. 我们的愿望和目标是,和平进程一旦开始,应当绝对公开,并且从此不再允许任何形式的秘密协定。征服和扩张的时代已经过去;秘密条约为特定政府利益而签订,并可能在不经意间颠覆世界和平的时代也已经过去。

It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. 现在,每一个思想不再停留在逝去时代的公众人物都清楚地认识到这一可喜的事实,这使得每一个目标与正义和世界和平相一致的国家都可以在任何时候公开声明其所追求的目标。

We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. 我们参战是因为发生了侵犯权利的行为,这些行为深深触动了我们,使我们自己的人民无法安居乐业,除非这些行为得到纠正,并且世界一劳永逸地防止其再次发生。

What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. 因此,我们在这场战争中的要求,没有任何是为了我们自己的私利。我们要求的是让世界变得适宜于安全地生活;特别是让每一个爱好和平的国家都能安全地生活,像我们自己一样,希望按照自己的方式生活,确定自己的制度,并确保世界各国在正义和公平交易的基础上,免受武力和自私侵略的侵害。

All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the world's peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: 世界各国人民实际上都是这一利益的合作伙伴,就我们而言,我们清楚地看到,除非正义被给予他人,否则它也不会给予我们。因此,世界和平的纲领就是我们的纲领;而这个纲领,唯一可能的纲领,在我们看来,就是这样的:

I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. 一、公开的和平盟约,公开缔结,之后不得再有任何形式的私人国际协定,外交必须始终坦诚地公开进行。

II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. 二、战时和平时,在领土水域以外的公海绝对自由航行,只有在国际行动强制执行国际盟约时,公海才可以被全部或部分关闭。

III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. 三、尽可能消除一切经济壁垒,在所有同意和平并为维护和平而联合的国家之间建立平等的贸易条件。

IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. 四、充分保证各国将把军备裁减到与国内安全相一致的最低水平。

V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. 五、对所有殖民主张进行自由、坦率和绝对公正的调整,严格遵循这样一个原则:在决定所有这类主权问题时,有关人民的利益必须与其主权待定的政府的公平主张具有同等权重。

VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. 六、撤出所有俄罗斯领土,并对影响俄罗斯的所有问题作出这样的解决安排,以确保世界其他国家在获得独立决定自身政治发展和国家政策的自由合作方面得到最佳和最自由的机会,并确保她在自己选择的制度下获得自由国家社会的真诚欢迎;而且,不仅仅是欢迎,还要提供她可能需要和可能渴望的各种援助。

The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 俄罗斯的姐妹国家在未来几个月里给予她的待遇,将是检验它们善意的试金石,检验它们对她需要的理解与对自身利益的理解之区别,检验它们明智而无私的同情。

VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. 七、比利时,全世界都会同意,必须被撤出并恢复,不试图限制她与所有其他自由国家共同享有的主权。没有任何其他单一行动能像这一行动那样恢复各国对它们自己制定和确定的国际关系法律的信心。没有这一治愈性的行动,国际法的整个结构和有效性将永远受损。

VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. 八、所有法国领土都应获得解放,被入侵的部分应予恢复,1871年普鲁士在阿尔萨斯-洛林问题上对法国的错误——这个扰乱世界和平近五十年的错误——应该得到纠正,以便和平能够再次为了所有人的利益而得到稳固。

IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 九、意大利的边界应沿着清晰可辨的民族界限进行调整。

X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. 十、奥匈帝国的人民,我们希望看到他们在国家间的地位得到保障和保证,应当被给予最自由的自治发展机会。

XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. 十一、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚和黑山应予撤出;被占领领土应予恢复;塞尔维亚应获得自由和安全的出海通道;几个巴尔干国家之间的关系应沿着历史上确立的忠诚和民族界限通过友好协商来确定;并应缔结关于几个巴尔干国家政治和经济独立及领土完整的国际保证。

XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. 十二、目前奥斯曼帝国中的土耳其部分应被保证拥有可靠的主权,但现在处于土耳其统治下的其他民族应被保证享有毫无疑问的生活安全和绝对不受干扰的自治发展机会,达达尼尔海峡应在国际保证下永久作为所有国家船只和商业的自由通道开放。

XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. 十三、应建立一个独立的波兰国家,应包括无疑由波兰人口居住的领土,应被保证拥有自由和安全的出海通道,其政治和经济独立及领土完整应由国际盟约保证。

XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 十四、必须根据具体盟约成立一个各国总协会,目的是为大小国家提供政治独立和领土完整的相互保证。

In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end. 在关于这些对错误的必要纠正和权利的主张方面,我们感到自己是所有联合起来反对帝国主义的政府和人民的亲密伙伴。我们在利益上不可分割,在目标上也不可分割。我们将团结一致直到最后。

For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove. 对于这样的安排和盟约,我们愿意战斗并继续战斗直到它们实现;但只是因为我们希望正义获胜,并渴望一个公正和稳定的和平,这种和平只能通过消除战争的主要诱因来实现,而这个纲领确实消除了这些诱因。

We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. 我们不嫉妒德国的伟大,这个纲领中也没有任何损害它的内容。我们不嫉妒她的任何成就,无论是学习上的还是和平企业上的,这些都使她的记录非常光辉和令人羡慕。我们不想伤害她,也不想以任何方式阻碍她合法的影响或力量。

We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world -- the new world in which we now live -- instead of a place of mastery. 如果她愿意与我们和世界其他爱好和平的国家一起加入正义与法律与公平交易的盟约,我们也不想与她作战——无论是通过武力还是通过敌对的贸易安排。我们只希望她在世界各国人民中接受平等的地位——我们现在生活的新世界——而不是统治地位。

League of NationsWorld War Ipeacediplomacyself-determination

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Thomas Woodrow Wilson(伍德罗·威尔逊)

美国第28任总统

出生1856国籍美国

托马斯·伍德罗·威尔逊(1856-1924),美国第28任总统,民主党人,著名政治家、外交家和学者。他在任期间领导美国参加第一次世界大战,并提出了著名的'十四点原则'和平方案,促成了国际联盟的建立。他因此获得1919年诺贝尔和平奖。威尔逊还推动了重要的国内改革,包括建立联邦储备系统、通过反托拉斯法和劳工立法等。他是美国历史上唯一一位拥有博士学位的总统,曾在普林斯顿大学担任教授和校长。威尔逊的理想主义外交理念对20世纪的国际政治产生了深远影响。

必须建立一个由各国组成的普遍联盟。

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