Thank you. Zin chào. Thank you very much. Thank you. Well, it's wonderful to be here in Ho Chi Minh City. Please have a seat. 谢谢。大家好。非常感谢。谢谢。很高兴来到胡志明市。请坐。
I just had the opportunity to visit the Jade Emperor Pagoda. And I think going from a 100-year-old sacred temple to this 21st century Dreamplex is I think a wonderful expression of the evolution that's taken place here in Vietnam -- a country that honors its history, but is also boldly racing towards the future. 我刚刚有机会参观了玉皇寺。我认为，从一座有百年历史的神圣寺庙到这座二十一世纪的梦想创业中心，可以说很好地展现了越南所经历的演变——一个尊重历史、同时又勇敢奔向未来的国家。
And that's also the story of this city. This is a city on the move. And we could see as we were traveling in from the airport all the activity that's currently taking place. And I'm not just talking about the traffic -- although I do think it might be easier to be on a motorbike than a motorcade. 这也是这座城市的故事。这是一座蓬勃发展的城市。我们从机场过来的路上，就能看到目前各处的建设活动。我说的不只是交通——尽管我确实觉得骑摩托车可能比坐车队更容易。
But this city, like this country, is full of energy. You can see it in the skyscrapers shooting above the horizon and the shops that are springing up at every corner. You can spot it online, where tens of millions of Vietnamese are connecting with each other and with the world. And you can feel it here at Dreamplex, where ideas are becoming a reality. 但这座城市，就像这个国家一样，充满活力。你可以从拔地而起的摩天大楼和街角如雨后春笋般涌现的商店中看到。你可以在网上发现它，数千万越南人在网上相互联系，也与世界连接。你可以在梦想创业中心感受到它，在这里，创意正在变为现实。
I just had the chance to see some of those ideas in action -- young people who are making things happen. I saw a virtual game that can help people recover from nerve injuries, to a machine that lets your smartphone control a laser-cutter -- although you have to be careful with the laser-cutter where you point it. 我刚刚有机会亲眼看到其中一些创意——年轻人正在让梦想成真。我看到了一款可以帮助人们从神经损伤中康复的虚拟游戏，还有一台让你的智能手机控制激光切割机的机器——不过使用激光切割机时你得小心对准方向。
But some of this energy may be due to your famous cà phê trúng. That stuff is strong, I understand. But the real driver of Vietnam's growth, and the engine of Ho Chi Minh City, is the spirit of entrepreneurship -- the spirit that brings us here today. 不过，这种活力可能有一部分要归功于你们著名的鸡蛋咖啡。我知道那东西很提神。但越南经济增长的真正驱动力，以及胡志明市的引擎，是创业精神——正是这种精神将我们今天聚集在这里。
And I see it everywhere I travel all around the world. I meet people -- and especially young people, like the three that we're about to meet -- who are eager to strike out on their own, start something new, and shape their own destinies. Many want to do more than just create a great new appropriate for a phone. They want to contribute to their communities and help people live better lives. 我在全世界各地旅行时都能看到这种精神。我遇到人们——尤其是年轻人，就像我们即将认识的三位一样——他们渴望独立闯荡，开创新事业，塑造自己的命运。许多人想做的不仅仅是开发一款适合手机的好产品。他们想为社区做贡献，帮助人们过上更好的生活。
And that's what entrepreneurship is all about. It's building businesses -- making a profit, hopefully. But it's also about creating good jobs, and developing new products, and devising ways to serve others. Entrepreneurship is also the fuel for prosperity that puts rising economies on the path to success. It's what gives young people like so many of you the chance to channel your energy and your passion into something that is bigger than yourselves. And it allows us to come together across countries and cultures to solve some of the world's greatest challenges. 这就是创业精神的真谛。它是创办企业——希望能盈利。但它也关乎创造好的就业机会，开发新产品，想出服务他人的方法。创业精神也是繁荣的燃料，让新兴经济体走上成功之路。正是它让你们中许多年轻人有机会将精力和热情投入到比自身更伟大的事业中。它让我们能够跨越国家和文化聚在一起，解决一些世界上最严峻的挑战。
Of course, being an entrepreneur is not easy. It's not easy in the United States; it's not easy here in Vietnam; it's not easy anyplace in the world. It can be tough to get started. It's hard to access capital. It's hard to get the skills that you need to run a business. You might not always have the mentors and the networks that can help guide you along the way. And it can be especially difficult for women, for others who traditionally are not viewed as being at the center of business life in a country, haven't had all the access to the same opportunities. 当然，做一名创业者并不容易。在美国不容易，在越南不容易，在世界任何地方都不容易。起步可能很艰难。获得资金很难。获得经营企业所需的技能也很难。你可能并不总能得到可以帮助你一路走来的导师和人脉。对女性来说可能尤其困难，对那些传统上不被视为一国商业生活核心的其他人来说也是如此，她们没有获得同样多的机会。
So we've got to tap all the talent that's out there. Just because you are born poor does not mean you should not be able to start a business. Just because you don't look like the traditional businessman doesn't mean you can't make a great product or deliver a great service. 所以我们必须发掘所有的人才。仅仅因为你出身贫寒，并不意味着你不能创业。仅仅因为你看起来不像传统的商人，并不意味着你不能做出好的产品或提供优质的服务。
And that's why Dreamplex is so important. It's not only a home for digital entrepreneurs like you. It's also a place where you can share ideas and work together and build a community that supports each other. 这就是为什么梦想创业中心如此重要。它不仅是你们这样的数字创业者的家园，也是一个你们可以分享想法、共同努力、构建相互支持的社区的地方。
And incubators like this allow Vietnam, alongside its emphasis on entrepreneurship, to see more startups happening in this country than ever before. Recently, in one year alone, the funding for startups doubled in this country. And we're seeing major acquisitions, like Fossil Group's takeover Misfit Wearables, a Vietnamese company that makes devices like fitness trackers. We're seeing Vietnamese-Americans who are coming here to start new ventures -- and that shows a strong bond between the United States and Vietnam. 像这样的孵化器，加上越南对创业精神的重视，使这个国家的初创企业比以往任何时候都多。最近，仅一年时间，这个国家的初创企业融资就翻了一番。我们看到了一些重大收购，比如化石集团收购了不合适可穿戴设备公司，这是一家生产健身追踪器等设备的越南公司。我们看到越南裔美国人回到这里创办新企业——这显示了美国和越南之间的紧密联系。
And the world is taking notice. A leading global venture capital firm called 500 Startups just launched a 10 million dollar fund here in Ho Chi Minh City. Next month at our Global Entrepreneurship Summit -- something that I've been hosting now for several years -- I'll welcome eight Vietnamese entrepreneurs to Silicon Valley, so that they can learn from some of the best entrepreneurs and startups and venture capitalists in the world. 全世界都在关注。一家名为500家初创公司的全球知名风险投资公司刚刚在胡志明市设立了一只一千万美元的基金。下个月，在我们的全球创业峰会上——这是我已经举办了好几年的活动——我将迎接八位越南创业者前往硅谷，让他们向世界上最优秀的创业者、初创企业和风投家学习。
And your success sends a message to global investors about this country's incredible potential for innovation. Hopefully it also encourages other Vietnamese entrepreneurs to chase that new great idea and start that new company, which will continue to fuel an ever-expanding Vietnam economy. 你们的成功向全球投资者传递了一个信息，那就是这个国家拥有令人难以置信的创新潜力。希望这也能鼓励其他越南创业者追逐那个伟大的新想法，创办那家新公司，从而继续推动越南经济不断扩张。
I'm here today because the United States is committed to being a partner as you grow. With the Peace Corps coming to Vietnam for the first time, our volunteers are going to help more Vietnamese learn English -- the language that so often is used in the global economy. With programs like our Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative, we're helping give thousands of young people across Vietnam the skills and networks they need to turn their ideas into action. 我今天来到这里，是因为美国承诺在你们成长过程中成为合作伙伴。随着和平队首次来到越南，我们的志愿者将帮助更多越南人学习英语——这门在全球经济中经常使用的语言。通过我们的东南亚青年领袖倡议等项目，我们正在帮助越南各地成千上万的年轻人获得将想法付诸行动所需的技能和人脉。
With our U.S.-ASEAN Connect Initiative, we're matching American investors with Vietnamese entrepreneurs in areas like clean energy. With the women's entrepreneurship center we're going to open here in Vietnam -- WECREATE is what we're going to call it -- we'll help empower the next generation of women business owners. 通过我们的美国—东盟互联互通倡议，我们正在将美国投资者与清洁能源等领域的越南创业者对接起来。通过我们将在越南设立的女性创业中心——我们称之为"共创未来"——我们将帮助赋能下一代女性企业主。
And if we really want to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, I should mention that we need to move ahead with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, because TPP will not only let us sell more of our goods to each other and bring our economies closer together, it will accelerate economic reforms here in Vietnam, boost your economic competitiveness, open up new markets not only for large companies but also for small and medium-sized businesses. It will raise labor and environmental standards, and it will improve business conditions so that entrepreneurs like you can thrive. 如果我们真的想鼓励创业和创新，我应该提到，我们需要推进跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，因为跨太平洋伙伴关系协定不仅能让我们更多地相互销售商品，拉近我们的经济，还将加速越南的经济改革，提升你们的经济竞争力，不仅为大公司也为中小企业开辟新市场。它将提高劳工和环境标准，改善商业环境，让像你们这样的创业者能够蓬勃发展。
So my message to all the entrepreneurs here today is that I believe in you, America believes in you, and we're going to keep investing in your success. Ultimately, it's the inventors and dreamers, people like those that I just met, those that we'll hear from soon, and all of you in the audience who are going to shape Vietnam's future for decades to come. 所以我今天对在座所有创业者的寄语是：我相信你们，美国相信你们，我们将继续投资于你们的成功。归根结底，是发明家和梦想家，就像我刚刚见过的那些人，我们即将听到发言的那些人，以及你们在座的所有人，将在未来几十年塑造越南的未来。
So I'm looking forward to hearing from these outstanding young leaders. Thank you very much. Cam on. 所以我期待着听到这些杰出青年领袖的发言。非常感谢。谢谢。
So I'm just going to introduce very quickly these outstanding young businesspeople who are leading the way here in Vietnam. We invited them here to give us some of their thoughts about what would make it easier for them to start their businesses and to continue to nurture the startups that they're involved with. 我来很快介绍一下这些杰出的青年企业家，他们正在越南引领潮流。我们邀请他们来这里分享一些想法，谈谈怎样才能让他们更容易创业，以及如何继续培育他们参与的初创企业。
The first is Khoa Pham, who is the director of Legal and Corporate at Microsoft Vietnam. We have Le Hoang Uyen Vy, who is the founder of Adayroi, which is aiming to become the Amazon of Vietnam. And we have Do Thi Thuy Hang, who's the vice president of Seedcom, which invests in Vietnamese companies. So please give them a big round of applause, and we'll start our conversation. 第一位是范科，他是微软越南公司法律与企业事务总监。我们还有黎黄鸳维，她是阿德瑞的创始人，该平台的目标是成为越南的亚马逊。还有杜氏秋水杏，她是种子资本公司的副总裁，这家公司投资越南企业。请大家热烈欢迎他们，我们开始对话。
So, Vy, let's start with you. And tell us -- it sounds like you started being interested in business at a very young age. 那么，维，我们从你开始吧。跟我们说说——听起来你很小的时候就开始对商业感兴趣了。
Vy: Good evening, Mr. President. And good evening, everyone. First of all, I'd like to say thank you to the Vietnamese and U.S. governments for organizing such a wonderful event. My name is Vy, and I graduated from Georgetown University in 2009, majoring in finance. Actually, I have a passion for technology when I was in school. When I was 13, I decided to start my own web design company. And I love the idea of connecting buyers and sellers to an online platform, just like eBay or Amazon. 维：总统先生，晚上好。大家晚上好。首先，我要感谢越南和美国政府组织了这样一场精彩的活动。我叫维，2009年毕业于乔治城大学金融专业。其实我上学的时候就对科技很感兴趣。13岁时，我决定创办自己的网页设计公司。我喜欢把买家和卖家连接到一个在线平台上的想法，就像易贝或亚马逊那样。
But at the moment, I was so young and I couldn't start a formal business. And therefore, after my college graduation, I decided to come back to Vietnam and started -- an e-marketplace selling fashion items. And luckily, after five years, we became one of the top destination for fashion lovers in Vietnam. And we got acquired by the biggest conglomerate in Vietnam. 但那时候我太小了，不能正式创业。所以大学毕业后，我决定回到越南，创办了一个销售时尚商品的电子市集。幸运的是，五年后，我们成为了越南时尚爱好者的首选目的地之一。我们被越南最大的企业集团收购了。
And right now I'm running Adayroi.com. Basically, we're the Amazon[.com] of Vietnam. We sell everything from electronics to even groceries online. And our goal is to bring safe and high-quality products at affordable price to every family in Vietnam. 现在我在运营阿德瑞网站。基本上，我们就是越南的亚马逊。我们什么都卖，从电子产品到杂货应有尽有。我们的目标是为越南每个家庭带来安全、优质、价格实惠的产品。
President Obama: That's great. Now, you look very good. Is this some of your fashion that you can sell online? Is that like you can buy the necklace and the earrings? 奥巴马总统：太好了。你看起来真漂亮。你身上这些是你们网上卖的时装吗？就是说项链和耳环也能买到？
VY: They are available on Adayroi.com. 维：都可以在阿德瑞网站上买到。
President Obama: So if you're looking for a good deal -- Excellent. 奥巴马总统：所以如果你想找个划算的买卖——太棒了。
And, Hang, you started out as an entrepreneur. Now you're an investor as well. Tell us what have been the challenges that you've met. And there have been some special challenges about being a woman entrepreneur and investor here in Vietnam. 杏，你一开始是创业者，现在也是投资人了。跟我们说说你遇到过哪些挑战。作为一名女性创业者和投资人，在越南有没有什么特别的挑战？
Hang: Mr. President, I am glad to be here as well. I guess let's take it back a little bit. I came back to Vietnam five years ago after nine years in the States. So America is truly my second home. And when I came back it was basically because of my very close ties with Vietnam. My family has been here; my hometown is here; a lot of people here. Because the environment has been very supporting, I've learned a lot from previous generations. And certainly because I have seen successful role models here, that's why I came back. 杏：总统先生，我也很高兴来到这里。我想先回顾一下。我在美国待了九年后，五年前回到了越南。所以美国真的是我的第二个家。我回来主要是因为我与越南的深厚联系。我的家人在这里，我的家乡在这里，很多人都在这里。因为环境一直很支持，我从前辈身上学到了很多。当然，因为我在这里看到了成功的榜样，所以我回来了。
I never thought that being a female entrepreneur would be a disadvantage here in the local market because, from my experience and observations about the area, I'm very proud to say that in Vietnam women are treated equally and given a lot of opportunity. So whether we try or not is all stuff within ourselves. And we see a lot of women entrepreneurs in the room as well. Le Hoang Uyen Vy, who you just mentioned, she's incredible. She's not an entrepreneur, per se, but she has done a terrific job here in Ho Chi Minh City. We all love her. 我从未想过作为一名女性创业者在本地市场会是劣势，因为根据我的经验和观察，我很自豪地说，在越南，女性受到平等对待，被赋予很多机会。所以我们努不努力全靠自己。我们也看到在座有很多女性创业者。你刚才提到的黎黄鸳维，她非常出色。严格来说她不算创业者，但她在胡志明市做得非常棒。我们都很喜欢她。
So if the world was run by women -- and I'm thinking the United States election this year -- it would be a better place. Like you always say. You always say that. 所以如果世界由女性来管理——我想到今年的美国大选——世界会更美好。就像你常说的那样。你总是这么说的。
President Obama: I do. So what kind of businesses are you looking to invest in at this point? 奥巴马总统：是的。那么你目前打算投资什么样的企业呢？
Hang: Vietnam is among the top exporters of agricultural products in the world. Yet there are a lot of untapped opportunities in agriculture. And it is a very low-tech, low-productivity sector. And at Seedcom, we've worked with a lot of companies across retail, technology and logistics. But the project that we're most excited about at the moment is in agriculture. We apply technology to traditional farming -- stuff like tracking automation. Basically we bring the product all the way to end user at a higher value. 杏：越南是世界上最大的农产品出口国之一。然而，农业领域还有很多未开发的机遇。这是一个技术含量很低、生产力很低的行业。在种子资本公司，我们与零售、科技和物流领域的很多公司合作。但目前我们最兴奋的项目是在农业领域。我们将技术应用于传统农业——比如追踪自动化之类的。基本上我们把产品以更高的价值一直送到终端用户手中。
So that is I guess the next wave in innovation in Vietnam, where entrepreneurs and investors come together, using technology to tackle very traditional industries. 所以我想这就是越南创新的下一波浪潮，创业者和投资者携起手来，用技术改造非常传统的产业。
President Obama: So, Pham, you were born here, moved to the States when you were 11. Is that right? 奥巴马总统：那么范，你出生在这里，11岁时搬到了美国。对吗？
Pham: That's right. 范：没错。
President Obama: And got your education there, worked in Washington, ended up at a very impressive startup called Microsoft. And so now you're here representing Microsoft in Ho Chi Minh City. Tell us about, what are the opportunities that Microsoft is seeing? And how you think U.S. companies can most effectively interact with Vietnamese businesspeople and startups and entrepreneurs. 奥巴马总统：你在那里接受教育，在华盛顿工作，最后进了微软这家非常了不起的初创公司。所以现在你代表微软来到胡志明市。跟我们说说，微软看到了哪些机遇？你认为美国公司怎样才能最有效地与越南商界人士、初创企业和创业者互动？
Pham: Well, welcome to Vietnam, Mr. President. I know it's early morning in Washington, D.C. -- 范：总统先生，欢迎来到越南。我知道华盛顿现在还是清晨——
President Obama: I've gotten over the jetlag. I'm fine. 奥巴马总统：我已经倒过时差了，我没事。
Pham: -- so I'm glad you're awake. So I returned to Vietnam for the same reason that my parents had when they took me out of Vietnam as a young boy, and that is that they wanted me to have an opportunity for a better life. And we found that in the U.S. And after 35 years living in the U.S., I decided to return to Vietnam to give the same opportunities and to make a difference to the young people of Vietnam -- maybe some sitting here today. 范：——所以很高兴您是醒着的。我回到越南的原因和我父母当年带我离开越南时一样，那就是他们希望我有机会过上更好的生活。我们在美国找到了这样的生活。在美国生活了35年后，我决定回到越南，为越南的年轻人提供同样的机会，做出一些改变——也许今天在座就有一些。
And so the way I look at my return is that Microsoft gives me the opportunity to make a difference, to improve lives for people, to produce the technology, as well as to accelerate the development of the country through technology by the improvement of our IT infrastructure. So I see a lot of investors, young entrepreneurs, and the spirit of entrepreneurship here in Vietnam. And that is the reason I returned to Vietnam. 我对我回国的看法是，微软给了我机会去做出改变，改善人们的生活，创造技术，以及通过改善我们的信息技术基础设施来加速国家的发展。所以我看到了很多投资者、年轻创业者，以及越南的创业精神。这就是我回到越南的原因。
President Obama: So, Vy, you were mentioning how you want to be the Amazon of Vietnam. Tell me about the challenges you have in trying to build a digital platform for commerce here in Vietnam, and what makes it different trying to develop that here than it might be in the United States, where, obviously, there's more digital platforms and penetration. 奥巴马总统：维，你刚才提到你想成为越南的亚马逊。跟我说说，你在越南打造一个电商数字平台时遇到了哪些挑战？在这里发展和在美国有什么不同？显然美国有更多的数字平台和更高的渗透率。
I'm assuming that, particularly if you want to reach rural areas, that some of the logistical challenges are different. So tell us what has been some of the hardest aspects of building on your vision, and how do you think both the Vietnamese government, or the United States government, or companies that are interested in working with you or other entrepreneurs -- how they can be most helpful. Where do you see the biggest roadblocks? 我想，特别是如果你想覆盖农村地区，物流方面的挑战会有所不同。那么跟我们说说，构建你的愿景过程中最困难的方面是什么？你认为越南政府、美国政府，或者有兴趣与你或其他创业者合作的公司——怎样才能最有帮助？你认为最大的障碍在哪里？
Vy: -- about bringing convenience and more lifestyle to the Vietnamese people. Imagine that working moms have a job from 9:00 to 6:00, and then after 6:00 p.m., she has to rush to the supermarket to shop for her dinner, it would probably take her an hour to get home, and then ready to cook for the family. 维：——是关于为越南人民带来便利和更好的生活方式。想象一下，上班族妈妈们从九点工作到六点，下午六点后，她得赶去超市买晚餐的食材，可能要花一个小时才能到家，然后才能准备给家人做饭。
President Obama: Because the traffic is -- 奥巴马总统：因为交通——
Vy: Right, the traffic jam. So imagine that one day she can sit in her office and order all the ingredients, and when she gets home the meal will be ready for her to cook dinner for her family. So every day we can save her an hour to spend more time with her family. Imagine that we can save her 360 hours per year, which translates to 7,300 hours over 20 years, which is equivalent to almost a year. So we can save a woman a year over 20 years. So that's now our dream. 维：对，交通堵塞。所以想象一下，有一天她可以坐在办公室里订购所有食材，等她到家时，食材已经准备好让她给家人做饭了。这样每天我们可以为她节省一个小时，让她有更多时间陪伴家人。想象一下，我们每年可以为她节省360个小时，20年就是7300个小时，差不多相当于一年。所以20年里我们可以为一位女性节省一年的时间。这就是我们的梦想。
But basically, it's very challenging because even online grocery is difficult because of the infrastructure. It's very difficult for us to get the items to the customer on time, and especially when you have a commitment to deliver it within two hours, which is quite impossible when we first started. But then we are very committed. So we do our own delivery structure, we do our own delivery. And up to now I think we have a feeling of it so we are able to deliver our product as fast as we can to satisfy the customers. 但基本上，这非常具有挑战性，因为即便是在线杂货业务，由于基础设施的原因也很困难。我们很难按时把商品送到客户手中，特别是当你承诺在两小时内送达时，我们刚开始的时候这几乎是不可能的。但我们非常坚持。所以我们建立了自己的配送体系，自己做配送。到目前为止，我觉得我们已经摸索出了一些门道，能够尽可能快地配送产品来满足客户。
So a couple challenges that I think either the government in Vietnam or the U.S. government can help us is, first, to help us to develop our infrastructure -- the logistics, the payment structure, and bring technology to Vietnam. So that's always been my dream. 所以我认为越南政府或美国政府可以帮助我们的几个挑战是，首先，帮助我们发展基础设施——物流、支付体系，并把技术带到越南。这一直是我的梦想。
President Obama: So one of the challenges is just making sure that you have the physical infrastructure so that you can deliver fast enough. But in terms of the digital infrastructure, is that well developed, because everybody has a smartphone now? 奥巴马总统：所以挑战之一就是确保你有足够的实体基础设施，这样才能足够快地配送。那么数字基础设施呢，是不是已经很发达了？因为现在人人都有智能手机了？
Vy: It's much, much better now because people are getting used to using their smartphone to order things online. Three years ago, when I first started, it was so difficult to get people online. But now it's very easy. But still -- so the operational infrastructure is not there yet, so we need to learn it from successful companies like Amazon, or we need to come up with our own solution in Vietnam. 维：现在好多了，因为人们已经习惯用智能手机在线下单了。三年前我刚开始的时候，让人们上网购物非常困难。但现在很容易了。不过——运营基础设施还没有到位，所以我们需要向亚马逊这样的成功公司学习，或者我们需要在越南提出自己的解决方案。
Because the industry in Vietnam is not the same as the U.S. You understand, right? So we have all the deliverymen on motorbike. And they have to know their way around. It's very difficult to install GPS. 因为越南的行业和美国不一样。你懂的对吧？所以我们所有的配送员都是骑摩托车的。他们得熟悉路线。装全球定位系统很难。
President Obama: And just one last question. In terms of access to capital, typically, are startups here self-financed, or are they financed through the banks? Is there enough of sort of a bank infrastructure for small businesses and medium-sized businesses? 奥巴马总统：最后一个问题。在获得资金方面，通常这里的初创企业是自筹资金的，还是通过银行融资的？有没有足够的银行基础设施来支持中小企业？还是说——大多数创业者用的是家庭储蓄？有没有风险投资？人们是怎么起步的？
Or are you using -- are most entrepreneurs using family savings? Is there venture capital? How are people getting started? 或者说，大多数创业者是用家庭储蓄吗？有没有风险投资？人们是怎么起步的？
Vy: That's a very good question. To be honest, I think in Vietnam, it's very difficult to get early funding. Especially there's not that many venture capital funding here in Vietnam. For seed funding and investors, very limited. I think most of the investors in Vietnam, they want to invest in companies that have track records, which is quite a challenge for a startup in Vietnam. So we have family startup here. It's good news for us. And we hope that in the near future, more venture funds can come to Vietnam, especially from America, to help us grow all of the new businesses. 维：这个问题问得很好。说实话，我认为在越南，获得早期投资非常困难。特别是越南的风险投资并不多。种子轮融资和投资人都非常有限。我认为越南的大多数投资者都想投资有业绩记录的公司，这对越南的初创企业来说是相当大的挑战。所以我们这里有家族创业。这对我们来说是好消息。我们希望在不久的将来，更多风险投资基金能够来到越南，尤其是来自美国的，来帮助我们发展所有这些新企业。
President Obama: Well, I'm trying to do some advertising for you here. Hopefully somebody is paying attention back in the United States. 奥巴马总统：嗯，我正在这里帮你们做宣传呢。希望美国那边有人在注意听。
So, Hang, you were talking about agriculture. Obviously a large portion of Vietnam is still dependent on basic agricultural and small farmers. Is the goal here for them to be able to move their products to market at a better price and more quickly? Or is it that you want to move up the value chain so that there's more processing that's taking place, so it's not just rice or other crops, but it's also the products that are derived from the foodstuffs that are being grown? 那么杏，你刚才谈到了农业。显然，越南很大一部分人口仍然依赖基础农业和小农户。我们的目标是让他们能够以更好的价格更快地将产品推向市场吗？还是说你想提升价值链，进行更多加工，这样就不只是大米或其他作物，还有从种植的粮食中衍生出来的产品？
Or is it all of the above? Tell me a little bit more about how you see the opportunity for agriculture to accelerate here in Vietnam. 还是说以上皆是？跟我详细说说，你认为越南农业加速发展的机遇在哪里？
Hang: I guess all of the above. Of course, myself, we cannot change the [inaudible], but many investors and entrepreneurs working together, we can make an impact. So as I mentioned, there are two partners in our business. 杏：我想以上皆是。当然，就我个人而言，我们无法改变[听不清]，但很多投资者和创业者一起努力，我们就能产生影响。正如我提到的，我们的业务有两个方面。
One is to apply more technology. Some technology is just very, very simple. You can text message. You can [inaudible] on the farm, et cetera. That improves the productivity massively, and that helps the farmers to increase their output and, as a result, their income. 一是应用更多技术。有些技术非常非常简单。可以发短信。可以在农场[听不清]，等等。这大大提高了生产力，帮助农民增加了产量，结果也增加了他们的收入。
And secondly, basically, have a trust and more value and bring the products to the end users at a higher price. And obviously the result of that is also higher income. And we understand that there are a lot of challenges like you mentioned. Logistically, it's not there yet. The infrastructure, there is a lot to do. 其次，基本上是建立信任，提升价值，将产品以更高的价格送到终端用户手中。显然，结果也是更高的收入。我们知道，正如你提到的，有很多挑战。物流方面还不行。基础设施方面还有很多工作要做。
But we are a very young team and they are farmers and they have a lot of -- I know personally a lot of people, young people who work in agriculture. And we have so much passion and energy and drive, and beyond that, we even have a strategy and action plan to make this happen. So hopefully, in the next few years you see some very positive change in agriculture in Vietnam. 但我们是一支非常年轻的团队，他们都是农民，而且他们有很多——我个人认识很多从事农业的年轻人。我们有如此多的热情、能量和干劲，除此之外，我们甚至有战略和行动计划来实现这一目标。所以希望在未来几年里，你能看到越南农业发生一些非常积极的变化。
President Obama: So, Pham, when you think about business here versus business as you're accustomed to seeing in the United States, what are some of the big differences? And are there particular areas where you think a strategic investment would make a big difference in helping all these startups take off? 奥巴马总统：范，当你比较这里的商业和你在美国习以为常的商业时，最大的区别是什么？有没有哪些领域，你认为战略投资会产生重大影响，帮助所有这些初创企业腾飞？
And in terms of Microsoft's strategy, are your main clients large businesses, and just helping them with respect to IT, or are you also working with some of these smaller startups to see how you can grow their businesses and hopefully help them really take off? 在微软的战略方面，你们的主要客户是大企业，只是帮助他们做信息技术，还是你们也与一些较小的初创公司合作，看看如何发展他们的业务，希望帮助他们真正起飞？
Pham: I'm sure you have heard from -- our CO. Our company mission is to empower every person, every organization on the planet to achieve more. And I think there is no better market to do that than in Vietnam, because of the young entrepreneurs that we have here and the penetration, the mobile base that we have here with young people. 范：我相信您已经听说过——我们的首席运营官。我们公司的使命是赋能地球上的每一个人、每一个组织，成就更多。我认为没有比越南更好的市场来实现这一目标了，因为我们这里有年轻的创业者，还有年轻人带来的移动用户渗透率。
And I think that in terms of capturing the opportunity, I think that's important for us to look at -- for our government -- and businesses and entrepreneurs to really balance the opportunity and the responsibility in this new world that we live in, which is a mobile world. 我认为在把握机遇方面，重要的是我们要审视——对我们的政府来说——企业和创业者要真正在我们所处的这个新世界，也就是移动世界中，平衡机遇与责任。
And so if we look at the challenges in that respect, I think public policy, regulatory environment -- it needs to be more conducive, it needs to be modernized to address the digital economy. And I think that Vietnam is not unique in that space of the developing market. I think in the U.S. that the same things have been faced with how do we deal with e-commerce across borders, taxation issues and things of that nature. But I think that Vietnam can [inaudible] other markets, and seeing and capturing that opportunity. 因此，如果我们审视这方面的挑战，我认为公共政策、监管环境——需要更加有利，需要现代化以适应数字经济。我认为越南在发展中市场中并非个例。我想在美国也面临着同样的问题，比如如何处理跨境电子商务、税收问题等等。但我认为越南可以[听不清]其他市场，看到并抓住这个机遇。
For Microsoft Vietnam, in particular, we have a national empowerment plan that basically mirrors the government ICT master plan by 2020 to really develop Vietnam in ICT advanced nation. And so, in that regard, we look at the three key pillars, which is the ICT infrastructure of a country, helping really secure the cybersecurity apparatus of the country, really looking at the issue of privacy with the protection of the ICT infrastructure for a national cloud -- to really take advantage of that. 特别是微软越南，我们有一个国家赋能计划，基本上是对标政府到2020年的信息通信技术总体规划，真正将越南发展成为信息通信技术先进国家。在这方面，我们关注三大支柱，一是国家的信息通信技术基础设施，帮助切实保障国家的网络安全体系，认真研究隐私问题，保护国家云的信息通信技术基础设施——以真正利用这一点。
And also our investment, in the second pillar, which is about small and medium-sized enterprises -- I think that is going to be the driving factor for the economic growth in this country. We have about 500,000 businesses here of that size, and so I would say that the startup community is also the micro businesses that are starting out. And we have programs that provide free software, free cloud services to these startups. So this way, they can really focus on developing the best products. 还有我们的投资，第二个支柱是关于中小企业——我认为这将是这个国家经济增长的驱动因素。我们这里大约有50万家这种规模的企业，所以我想说创业社区也包括刚起步的微型企业。我们有项目为这些初创企业提供免费软件、免费云服务。这样他们就可以真正专注于开发最好的产品。
And then, honestly, the education side, we really have to look at capacity building, and that is to really help the Vietnamese move from a labor-intensive economy into more of a knowledge economy, knowledge-based economy. And that is really getting them the right skill set for ICT skill set and also we need to really invest a bit more on STEM education. 然后，老实说，教育方面，我们确实必须关注能力建设，也就是真正帮助越南从劳动密集型经济向更多知识型经济转变。这就是要让他们掌握正确的信息通信技术技能，我们也需要在理工科教育上多投入一些。
And we're doing that -- and teaching the technology in the classrooms, and really doing a lot of these startup community, co-working space, community events to really promote coding, because I think that's very important. And I think [inaudible] -- I think that's something we do here annually as well. 我们正在这样做——在教室里教授技术，真正举办很多创业社区、共享办公空间、社区活动来推广编程，因为我认为这非常重要。而且我认为[听不清]——我认为这也是我们每年都在做的事情。
President Obama: I think that's a great point, and, Vy and Hang, maybe you want to talk about this a little bit. Ultimately, what makes startups and entrepreneurs successful is good ideas and the human capital. Obviously investors are important and infrastructure is important, but the most important thing is people. 奥巴马总统：我认为这是一个很好的观点，维、杏，也许你们也想谈谈这个。归根结底，让初创企业和创业者成功的是好的想法和人力资本。显然投资者很重要，基础设施也很重要，但最重要的是人。
And when you look at Vietnam right now, it seems as if a culture of entrepreneurship is really beginning to grow. But one of the questions that I always have to ask myself in the United States is whether our education system is equipping our children effectively enough to be able to move forward on their ideas. 当你观察现在的越南时，似乎创业文化真的开始成长了。但我在美国经常要问自己的一个问题是，我们的教育系统是否在有效地装备我们的孩子，让他们能够推进自己的想法。
So you're both very young, so you can still remember what it's like to go to school. For me, I've forgotten. But I will say that when I was going to school we didn't have computers. Well, you had these big mainframe computers, but you didn't have personal computers. 你们俩都很年轻，所以应该还记得上学的日子。对我来说，我已经忘了。不过我要说的是，我上学的时候还没有电脑。嗯，有那种大型的主机电脑，但没有个人电脑。
How do you see the education system here adapting to the needs of this new 21st century economy? 你认为这里的教育系统如何适应这个21世纪新经济的需求？
Vy: I still remember taking entrepreneurship classes in the U.S. and I found it so helpful for me to learn about how to write a business plan, how to pitch to an investor -- and I think when I got back here, I don't find many entrepreneurship classes in Vietnam. So I think that's an empty area that we can tap on. 维：我还记得在美国上创业课的经历，我觉得非常有帮助，学习如何写商业计划书，如何向投资人推销——我想我回到这里后，发现越南的创业课程并不多。所以我认为这是一个我们可以开拓的空白领域。
And secondly, I think after the startup gets funding, I think they also need mentorship program. Those are the things that really helps the startup community in Vietnam. And I also think that -- I used to be an exchange student. I came to U.S. when I was 17. I'm very thankful for that because I learned so much about innovation and I learned how to dream big and always hope for a brighter future. 其次，我认为初创企业获得资金后，他们还需要导师计划。这些东西真正能帮助越南的创业社区。我还认为——我以前是交换生。我17岁时去了美国。我非常感激，因为我学到了很多关于创新的知识，学会了如何拥有远大的梦想，永远憧憬更光明的未来。
So I think there's a chance for us to also create exchange programs, not just for students but for working adults. Especially we can send young startups to do on-the-job training or internship program at some U.S. company. So those are the things that I really want to get to the audience. 所以我认为我们也有机会创建交流项目，不仅是学生的，还有在职成年人的。特别是我们可以把年轻的初创企业派到一些美国公司进行在职培训或实习。所以这些都是我真正想传达给观众的想法。
President Obama: Good. Hang? 奥巴马总统：很好。杏，你呢？
Hang: I'd like to add to what Vy just said -- the power of technology. Again, I go back to this. Students now, they have access to a lot more information, and education opens new sector for startups to come and basically [inaudible.] So a friend, he has a education startup. Another friend who I know very well, she launched a startup that helps students learn English through an app. So all of those examples you can see that technology basically opens the door and opens opportunities for Vietnamese students to access global knowledge. 杏：我想补充一下维刚才说的——科技的力量。我又要回到这个话题了。现在的学生能接触到更多信息，教育为初创企业打开了新的领域，让它们基本上可以[听不清]。所以一个朋友，他做了一个教育初创公司。另一个我很熟的朋友，她创办了一家帮助学生通过应用程序学习英语的初创公司。所有这些例子都可以看到，科技基本上打开了大门，为越南学生打开了获取全球知识的机会。
And the evidence of that is most of the teams that I work with in Vietnam for my previous startup -- they all are educated in Vietnam. I'm one of the very lucky few that got years of education in the States. But I respect my colleagues a lot every day -- they're so smart. They learn in Vietnam. They learn not only by going to school, but also by doing, by talking to older people, and obviously learning from the Internet. So I do think technology is changing education. 证据就是，我在越南之前的初创公司合作过的大多数团队——他们都是在越南接受的教育。我是极少数有幸在美国接受多年教育的人之一。但我每天都非常尊敬我的同事——他们太聪明了。他们在越南学习。他们不仅通过上学学习，还通过实践、与长辈交流，当然还有通过互联网学习。所以我确实认为科技正在改变教育。
President Obama: Well, Pham was talking about leapfrogging. One of the things that you're seeing in countries all around the world is if they haven't already developed a telephone infrastructure with landlines and telephone poles and underground tunnels, now, suddenly, they just go straight to cellular towers and smartphones. And banking is done there, and commerce is done through phones. And so they've leapfrogged over the infrastructure requirements of both systems. 奥巴马总统：嗯，范刚才谈到了跨越发展。你在世界各国看到的一件事是，如果一个国家还没有发展出电话线、电线杆和地下隧道这些电话基础设施，现在他们直接就跳到了信号塔和智能手机。银行业在手机上完成，商业也通过手机进行。所以他们跨越了两种系统的基础设施要求。
And the same is true with education. If done properly, the opportunity for online education that is much cheaper but is still of high quality that can accelerate the ability of a child here in Vietnam to learn coding, learn business practices and so forth, without an expensive education or having to study overseas is hugely important. 教育也是如此。如果做得好，在线教育的机会成本更低但质量仍然很高，可以加速越南孩子学习编程、学习商业实践等等的能力，不需要昂贵的教育或出国留学，这一点极其重要。
And with our contribution through the Peace Corps, through entrepreneurship summits, through the sponsorships that we're getting various companies to engage in, our hope is, is that we'll be able to provide the kind of training to young people that will be incredibly powerful for them in the future. 通过我们的贡献——通过和平队，通过创业峰会，通过我们让各公司参与的赞助活动——我们希望，我们能够为年轻人提供那种在未来对他们极为强大的培训。
And we want to thank the Vietnamese government for their cooperation, because a lot of these systems that we're trying to build we could not do if it were not for the strong support that we're receiving from them. 我们要感谢越南政府的合作，因为我们正在尝试建立的很多体系，如果没有他们的大力支持，我们是做不到的。
But any other closing thoughts that you think either the President of the United States or the President of Vietnam or any of these business leaders here should hear about? 还有什么其他的临别想法，是你认为无论是美国总统还是越南总统，或者在座的商界领袖都应该听到的吗？
Question: Mr. President, let me ask you a question. 问：总统先生，我想问您一个问题。
President Obama: Oh, sure. The tide is turned. 奥巴马总统：哦，当然。风水轮流转啊。
Question: So when you were a kid, did you dream of becoming President one day? 问：那您小时候，有没有梦想过有一天成为总统？
President Obama: No. I think there are some people who they had a very clear vision for themselves. I really didn't -- I was not as well organized as all of you when I was young. I think it wasn't until I was in college that I began to develop a sense of wanting to make a difference. And even then I did not know exactly how I might do it. 奥巴马总统：没有。我想有些人对自己有非常清晰的愿景。我真的没有——我年轻的时候没有你们所有人这么有条理。我想直到上了大学，我才开始产生想要有所作为的意识。即便那时，我也不确定我具体会怎么做。
I was actually very skeptical of politics because I thought politicians weren't always looking out for the people; that too often, I thought, they were looking out for themselves. So I actually worked in communities to try to hold politicians accountable. That was the first job that I did in the nonprofit sector. 其实我当时对政治很怀疑，因为我觉得政治家并不总是为人民着想；我常常觉得他们是在为自己着想。所以我实际上是在社区工作，试图让政治家负起责任。那是我在非营利部门做的第一份工作。
So it wasn't really until I think I finished law school that I thought that I might be interested in public service. In fact, I went to law school with my now who is my Trade Representative, our Ambassador Michael Froman. And he was much smarter than me. But it wasn't until I came out of law school that I thought that maybe I might run for office at some point. 所以直到我法学院毕业，我才觉得我可能对公共服务感兴趣。事实上，我和我现在的贸易代表，我们的大使迈克尔·弗罗曼一起上的法学院。他比我聪明多了。但直到我从法学院毕业，我才想到也许我有一天会竞选公职。
But the important point I think I want to make is that so many of the young people here today -- certainly all of you -- well, you sort of qualify as young. Young at heart. These two are young. You're younger than me. But so many of the young people I meet today I think have a different idea of their careers and their lives. I think they're much more sophisticated. I think the Internet has exposed them to a lot more ideas of what they can do. 但我想表达的重要一点是，今天在座的很多年轻人——当然包括你们所有人——嗯，你们也算年轻人嘛。心态年轻。这两位是年轻人。你们比我年轻。但我今天遇到的很多年轻人，我认为他们对自己的职业和生活有不同的想法。我认为他们成熟多了。我认为互联网让他们接触到了更多他们可以做的事情的想法。
I believe that many young people recognize that the old system where you find yourself a job and then you work in that same job for 30 or 40 years is less likely to be the path for them because the economy is just changing so quickly. 我相信，许多年轻人认识到那种找一份工作然后干三四十年的旧体制，不太可能成为他们的道路，因为经济变化太快了。
And so I think there's much more interest on the part of all the young people I meet -- certainly here in Southeast Asia, in the States, Africa, Europe, wherever I go -- to try to make it on their own, and to try to find collaborations with groups of people who are interested in the same things they are, and to see if they can make it happen. 所以我认为我遇到的所有年轻人——当然在东南亚、美国、非洲、欧洲，无论我走到哪里——都有更多的兴趣，想要自己闯荡，想要找到和自己志同道合的人合作，看看能不能实现目标。
And I think that's a wonderful thing. It's challenging. I think one of the well-known rules in Silicon Valley is, is that if you haven't failed quite a bit then you're probably not a very good entrepreneur because the first idea you have is not always going to work. And you have to be resilient and be able to learn from your failures as much as your successes. 我认为这是一件很棒的事情。它充满挑战。我想硅谷有一条著名的法则就是，如果你没有失败过很多次，那你可能就不是一个很好的创业者，因为你的第一个想法并不总能成功。你必须有韧性，既要从成功中学习，也要从失败中学习。
But I truly believe that this generation is not only being entrepreneurial when it thinks about business, but also entrepreneurial when it thinks about trying to solve social problems; entrepreneurial when it thinks about government and making government more responsive and accountable to ordinary people. And it makes me very hopeful for the future. 但我真心相信，这一代人不仅在思考商业时有创业精神，在试图解决社会问题时也有创业精神；在思考政府、让政府更积极响应、更对普通民众负责时也有创业精神。这让我对未来充满希望。
Question: I guess the entrepreneurial spirit is very much engrained in Vietnamese people, just like for Americans. And you have seen, and just now have seen here the very vibrant startup business community here in Ho Chi Minh City. Just imagine how much more it can be if there is more exchange, of knowledge, of capital, technical know-how between the two countries, the U.S. and Vietnam. 问：我想创业精神已经深深植根于越南人民心中，就像美国人一样。您已经看到了，刚才也在这里看到了胡志明市非常活跃的初创企业界。试想一下，如果两国之间——美国和越南——有更多的知识、资本、技术交流，那会发展到什么程度。
And on that note, my question for you would be, if your daughter took a gap year from Harvard College, so tells you next week that she wants to live in Vietnam for a year, what would you tell her? 说到这里，我想问您的是，如果您的女儿从哈佛大学休学一年，下周告诉您她想在越南生活一年，您会怎么跟她说？
President Obama: Oh, I would encourage it. But what I've learned is, is that -- my daughter Malia will be 18 next month, and she already doesn't listen to me, whatever I say. So if you want her to come to Vietnam, I shouldn't be the one to tell her. Maybe you should tell her. Yes, absolutely. But certainly I would recommend students from the States to come and study here as much as I'm encouraging Vietnamese students to come and study in the United States. 奥巴马总统：哦，我会鼓励她的。但我学到的是——我的女儿马利亚下个月就满18岁了，她已经不听我的话了，不管我说什么。所以如果你想让她来越南，不该是我来说。也许你应该跟她说。是的，绝对的。当然，我会建议美国学生来这里学习，就像我鼓励越南学生去美国学习一样。
Young people are going to be living in an interconnected world, in a global marketplace. And every business has to think globally. Even small businesses. If you have a good product today, you can reach billions of people if you have a good strategy, you have good marketing, you can handle the logistics. And so the barriers to entry that used to exist where only a Boeing or a GE or a very large company could operate in Vietnam is no longer true. 年轻人将生活在一个互联互通的世界里，一个全球市场中。每个企业都必须有全球思维。即便是小企业。如果你今天有一个好的产品，只要有好的策略、好的营销，能搞定物流，你就能接触到数十亿人。所以过去只有波音、通用电气或非常大的公司才能在越南运营的进入壁垒已经不复存在了。
And the same is true for small businesses here in Vietnam. If you have an interesting product that is unique and perhaps is very common in Vietnam, but nobody knows about in the United States, oftentimes some of the best ways to start a business is to take something that is very popular in one place but is unknown someplace else and be the first person to sell that product in another country. 越南的小企业也是如此。如果你有一个有趣的、独特的产品，也许在越南很常见，但在美国没人知道，通常创业最好的方式之一，就是把在一个地方很受欢迎但在另一个地方鲜为人知的东西带到那个国家，成为第一个销售该产品的人。
So I think part of the education that young people have to have is to understand other cultures and understand other markets. If you're lucky enough to be able to travel, then that's one way to do it. But one of the wonderful things about the Internet is it gives you an opportunity to learn about another place, even if you can't set foot there. So that's something that I continually emphasize. 所以我认为年轻人必须接受的一部分教育就是了解其他文化和其他市场。如果你有幸能旅行，那是一种方式。但互联网的美妙之处在于，它让你有机会了解另一个地方，即使你无法亲临其地。所以这是我不断强调的一点。
Last question or comment. 最后一个问题或发言。
Pham: I have a question. In your opening remarks, you mentioned about TPP, and we didn't have a chance to talk about that. And so TPP is considered a 21st century trade agreement, dealing directly with the digital economy, talking about the rules of law extending to security and privacy and also cost more [inaudible.] TPP is very important to Vietnam, and I know that the Vietnamese business community supports it. And as an employee of Microsoft, I can reaffirm that our company supports TPP. 范：我有一个问题。在您的开场致辞中，您提到了跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，我们没有机会谈论这个。跨太平洋伙伴关系协定被认为是21世纪的贸易协定，直接涉及数字经济，讨论法治延伸到安全和隐私，以及更多成本[听不清]。跨太平洋伙伴关系协定对越南非常重要，我知道越南商界是支持的。作为微软的员工，我可以重申，我们公司支持跨太平洋伙伴关系协定。
As we look at the latest report published by the U.S. International Trade Commission, that indicates that, fully implemented, TPP will bring about 57 billion dollars into the U.S. economy. But apparently, the U.S. -- American politics is sort of turning against TPP. So I'd like to hear from you, what do you think is going to be -- what it takes to pass TPP in Washington, D.C. And what will you do in your power to make that happen? 看看美国国际贸易委员会发布的最新报告，报告显示，全面实施后，跨太平洋伙伴关系协定将为美国经济带来约570亿美元的收益。但显然，美国——美国政治似乎在转而反对跨太平洋伙伴关系协定。所以我想听听您的看法，您认为会怎样——在华盛顿通过跨太平洋伙伴关系协定需要什么？您会在您的权力范围内做些什么来实现这一目标？
President Obama: Well, it's a great question. And first of all, just to describe why TPP is so important. What TPP does is it takes 12 countries along the Asia Pacific region that represent a huge portion of the entire world's marketplace, and it says we're going to create standards for trade and commerce that are fair; that create a level playing field; that have high standards; that encourage rule of law; 奥巴马总统：这是个很好的问题。首先，我来解释一下为什么跨太平洋伙伴关系协定如此重要。跨太平洋伙伴关系协定的作用是，亚太地区的12个国家代表了全球市场的巨大份额，我们表示将为贸易和商业建立公平的标准；建立公平的竞争环境；建立高标准；鼓励法治；鼓励知识产权保护——这样如果维或杏想出了一个好主意，就不会有人直接从网上偷走，她们付出的努力会受到保护；
that encourage protection of intellectual property -- so if Vy or Hang come up with a great idea, somebody is not just going to steal it off the Internet but the work that they've put in is protected; that has strong environmental provisions so that countries can't just take advantage of no environmental protection to undercut competitors who are following more responsible environmental practices. 这些标准还包括强有力的环境保护条款，这样各国就不能靠不保护环境来压低价格，削弱那些遵循更负责任的环境实践的竞争对手的竞争力。
And not only do all the countries who are participating stand to gain from increased trade, but Vietnam, in particular, I think economists who have studied it believe would be one of the biggest beneficiaries. 不仅所有参与国都将从贸易增加中获益，而且特别是越南，我认为研究过这个问题的经济学家都相信越南会是最大的受益者之一。
From the United States' perspective, it's a common-sense thing to do because, frankly, our markets are already more open than many of the markets of the countries that are signing up. So Japan, for example, is able to sell a lot of cars in the United States but has a lot of problems importing beef from the United States. And what we've done is to make sure that a lot of the tariffs that are currently being placed on U.S. exports and U.S. goods are reduced. 从美国的角度来看，这是一件理所当然的事情，因为坦率地说，我们的市场已经比很多签约国的市场更开放了。比如日本，能够在美国销售很多汽车，但从美国进口牛肉却有很多问题。我们所做的就是确保目前对美国出口和美国商品征收的很多关税被降低。
And so it will create a better environment for U.S. businesses -- particularly because of some of the intellectual property protections, a lot of what we sell today are products of our knowledge-based economy. And so it's a smart thing to do across the board. 因此，这将为美国企业创造更好的环境——特别是因为有了知识产权保护，我们今天销售的很多产品都是知识经济的产物。所以总的来说，这是一件明智的事情。
Now, the problem in the United States around trade -- and this is not new. This has been true for the last 30 years -- is that some of the previous trade agreements did not have enforceable labor protections or environmental protections. I think when China came in to the WTO, it was able to take advantage of the growing global supply chain, and a lot of manufacturing shifted to China in a very visible way. So a lot of Americans saw companies close and saw what they viewed as their jobs being exported to China. And some of that happened in Mexico, with NAFTA as well. 现在，美国在贸易方面的问题——这不是什么新鲜事。过去30年一直如此——是以前的一些贸易协定没有可执行的劳工保护或环境保护。我认为中国加入世贸组织时，它得以利用不断增长的全球供应链，很多制造业以非常明显的方式转移到了中国。所以很多美国人看到公司倒闭，认为他们的工作被输出到了中国。墨西哥也有一些这种情况，因为北美自由贸易协定。
And so the perception was that this is bad for U.S. workers and U.S. jobs. If you look at the data, then what is true is that some manufacturing jobs were lost as a consequence of trade. On the other hand, other sectors of the economy improved significantly. And overall, it was good for the U.S. economy. But I think that in the design of some of the oil trade deals and some of the mistakes that may have been made in the past, people became suspicious of trade and worried that if we do TPP, then the same pattern will repeat itself, and the U.S. will lose more jobs. 所以人们的看法是，这对美国工人和美国就业不利。如果你看看数据，事实是一些制造业岗位确实因为贸易而流失了。另一方面，经济的其他部门显著改善。总的来说，这对美国经济是有利的。但我认为，由于过去一些石油贸易协定的设计和可能犯下的错误，人们开始对贸易产生怀疑，担心如果我们签署跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，同样的模式会重演，美国会失去更多工作岗位。
My argument is that if you're dissatisfied with the current trading arrangements where tariffs are placed on U.S. goods but other goods are already coming into the U.S., why would you want to just maintain the status quo? Why not change it so that everybody is operating in a fair and transparent way? 我的论点是，如果你不满意目前的贸易安排——美国商品被征收关税而其他国家的商品已经可以进入美国——那你为什么要维持现状呢？为什么不做出改变，让每个人都在公平透明的环境中运作？
And the good news is, is that the majority of Americans still believe in trade and still believe that it's good for our economy. The bad news is politics in the United States is not always -- how would I put it -- reasonable. That's the word I'm looking for. But I'm confident that we're going to be able to get it done because, in the past when we negotiated trade deals, even though there's a lot of opposition, at the end of the day we end up getting it done. 好消息是，大多数美国人仍然相信贸易，仍然认为贸易对我们的经济有利。坏消息是美国的政治并不总是——怎么说呢——理性。这就是我想找的词。但我相信我们能够做到，因为过去我们谈判贸易协定时，尽管有很多反对意见，最终我们还是成功了。
Keep in mind that we negotiated a very big free trade agreement with Korea, and even though the Bush administration negotiated it, he didn't get it passed, when I came into office, one of the first things we did was we worked with Korea, we made some small modifications to some of the terms and we got it done, and it's in force today. 想想看，我们和韩国谈判了一项非常大的自由贸易协定，虽然是布什政府谈判的，但他没有推动通过，我上任后做的第一件事就是和韩国合作，对一些条款做了小修改，然后推动通过了，现在这项协定已经生效了。
So the argument that I've made and I will continue to make in the United States is that we're not going to be able to end globalization. We have to make globalization work for us. And that means that we don't try to put barriers and walls between us and the rest of the world; but instead, we try to make sure that the world has high standards, treats our companies fairly. And if we do that, I'm confident we can compete with anybody. 所以我在美国提出并将继续提出的论点是，我们无法终结全球化。我们必须让全球化为我们服务。这意味着我们不试图在我们和世界其他地方之间设置壁垒和高墙；相反，我们要努力确保全世界有高标准，公平对待我们的公司。如果我们做到这一点，我相信我们可以和任何人竞争。
So nothing is easy in Washington these days. But despite sometimes the lack of cooperation with Congress, I seem to be able to get a lot of things done anyway. It could have been easier. I would have less gray hair -- if Congress was working more effectively, but we do have some members of Congress who are here. That's Congressman Castro and Congressman O'Rourke who are two outstanding young congressmen from Texas. 如今华盛顿没有什么事是容易的。但尽管有时候国会不太合作，我似乎还是能做成很多事情。本来可以更容易的。我的白头发会少一些——如果国会工作更有效率的话，但我们确实有一些国会议员在这里。那就是来自得克萨斯州的两位杰出年轻议员卡斯特罗议员和奥鲁克议员。
They're strong TPP supporters and we're very proud of the work that they've done. So we're just going to have to work hard to convince some of their colleagues. But ultimately I think we can get it passed. 他们是跨太平洋伙伴关系协定的坚定支持者，我们为他们所做的工作感到非常自豪。所以我们只需要努力说服他们的一些同事。但最终我认为我们能够通过这项协定。
Well, everybody, I think that if you have any doubt about the outstanding future of Vietnamese entrepreneurs, then all those doubts have been pushed away because of the outstanding presentations by these three individuals. Give them a big round of applause. 各位，我想如果有人对越南创业者的美好未来有任何疑虑的话，那么这三位的出色发言已经打消了所有疑虑。让我们为他们热烈鼓掌。
Thank you so much. 非常感谢大家。
