FELLOW-CITIZENS: Being about to retire finally from public life, I beg leave to offer you my grateful thanks for the many proofs of kindness and confidence which I have received at your hands. It has been my fortune in the discharge of public duties, civil and military, frequently to have found myself in difficult and trying situations, where prompt decision and energetic action were necessary, and where the interest of the country required that high responsibilities should be fearlessly encountered; and it is with the deepest emotions of gratitude that I acknowledge the continued and unbroken confidence with which you have sustained me in every trial. 同胞们：即将最终退出公共生活，我恳请允许我向你们表达我对你们给予我的许多善意和信任的感激之情。在履行文职和军职的公共职责过程中，我常常发现自己处于困难和严峻的境地，需要迅速的决断和有力的行动，国家利益要求无畏地承担重大责任；我怀着最深切的感激之情，感谢你们在每一次考验中始终如一、毫不动摇地信任和支持我。
My public life has been a long one, and I can not hope that it has at all times been free from errors; but I have the consolation of knowing that if mistakes have been committed they have not seriously injured the country I so anxiously endeavored to serve, and at the moment when I surrender my last public trust I leave this great people prosperous and happy, in the full enjoyment of liberty and peace, and honored and respected by every nation of the world. 我的公共生活漫长，我不能指望它始终没有错误；但我感到欣慰的是，即使犯过错误，它们也没有严重伤害我如此急切地努力服务的国家，在我交出最后一项公共职责的时刻，我留下的是一个繁荣幸福的伟大民族，充分享受着自由与和平，并受到世界各国的尊敬。
If my humble efforts have in any degree contributed to preserve to you these blessings, I have been more than rewarded by the honors you have heaped upon me, and, above all, by the generous confidence with which you have supported me in every peril, and with which you have continued to animate and cheer my path to the closing hour of my political life. 如果我微薄的努力在某种程度上有助于为你们保存这些福祉，那么你们给予我的荣誉，尤其是在每一次危难中支持我的慷慨信任，以及在我政治生涯的最后时刻继续激励和鼓舞我的信任，已经远远超过了我的回报。
The time has now come when advanced age and a broken frame warn me to retire from public concerns, but the recollection of the many favors you have bestowed upon me is engraven upon my heart, and I have felt that I could not part from your service without making this public acknowledgment of the gratitude I owe you. And if I use the occasion to offer to you the counsels of age and experience, you will, I trust, receive them with the same indulgent kindness which you have so often extended to me, and will at least see in them an earnest desire to perpetuate in this favored land the blessings of liberty and equal law. 如今，年迈体衰警告我退出公共事务，但你们给予我的诸多恩惠的记忆铭刻在我的心中，我感到如果不公开表达我对你们的感激之情，我就无法离开你们的服务。如果我借此机会向你们提出来自岁月和经验的忠告，我相信你们会以一贯给予我的宽容和善意来接受它们，至少会从中看到在这片受眷顾的土地上永久保持自由与平等法律福祉的真诚愿望。
We have now lived almost fifty years under the Constitution framed by the sages and patriots of the Revolution. The conflicts in which the nations of Europe were engaged during a great part of this period, the spirit in which they waged war against each other, and our intimate commercial connections with every part of the civilized world rendered it a time of much difficulty for the Government of the United States. 我们在革命先贤制定的宪法下生活了近五十年。在此期间的大部分时间里，欧洲各国卷入的冲突、它们相互征战的精神，以及我们与文明世界各个部分的密切商业联系，使这段时期对美利坚合众国政府来说充满困难。
We have had our seasons of peace and of war, with all the evils which precede or follow a state of hostility with powerful nations. We encountered these trials with our Constitution yet in its infancy, and under the disadvantages which a new and untried government must always feel when it is called upon to put forth its whole strength without the lights of experience to guide it or the weight of precedents to justify its measures. 我们经历过和平与战争的时期，以及与强国敌对状态之前或之后的所有祸患。我们在宪法尚处于襁褓之中时就遭遇了这些考验，并且面临着一个新的、未经考验的政府在被要求全力行动时必然会感到的种种不利条件——没有经验的指引，也没有先例的分量来证明其措施的正当性。
But we have passed triumphantly through all these difficulties. Our Constitution is no longer a doubtful experiment, and at the end of nearly half a century we find that it has preserved unimpaired the liberties of the people, secured the rights of property, and that our country has improved and is flourishing beyond any former example in the history of nations. 但我们已经胜利地度过了所有这些困难。我们的宪法不再是一个可疑的试验，在近半个世纪结束之际，我们发现它完好无损地保护了人民的自由，保障了财产权利，我们的国家在改善和繁荣方面超越了历史上任何先例。
In our domestic concerns there is everything to encourage us, and if you are true to yourselves nothing can impede your march to the highest point of national prosperity. The States which had so long been retarded in their improvement by the Indian tribes residing in the midst of them are at length relieved from the evil, and this unhappy race--the original dwellers in our land--are now placed in a situation where we may well hope that they will share in the blessings of civilization and be saved from that degradation and destruction to which they were rapidly hastening while they remained in the States. 在国内事务方面，一切都令人鼓舞，如果你们忠于自己，没有任何东西能够阻挡你们迈向国家繁荣的最高顶点。长期以来因印第安部落居住其中而发展受阻的各州，终于摆脱了这一祸患；这个不幸的种族——我们这片土地上的原始居民——现在被安置在一个我们完全有理由希望他们能够分享文明福祉、并避免他们在各州时迅速走向的堕落和毁灭的境地。
While the safety and comfort of our own citizens have been greatly promoted by their removal, the philanthropist will rejoice that the remnant of that ill-fated race has been at length placed beyond the reach of injury or oppression, and that the paternal care of the General Government will hereafter watch over them and protect them. 虽然印第安人的迁移极大地促进了我们公民的安全与舒适，但慈善家会感到欣慰的是，这个命运多舛的种族的残余终于被置于伤害和压迫无法触及的地方，联邦政府的慈父般关怀将从此守护他们、保护他们。
If we turn to our relations with foreign powers, we find our condition equally gratifying. Actuated by the sincere desire to do justice to every nation and to preserve the blessings of peace, our intercourse with them has been conducted on the part of this Government in the spirit of frankness; and I take pleasure in saying that it has generally been met in a corresponding temper. 如果我们审视与外国的关系，我们的状况同样令人欣慰。出于对每个国家主持正义和维护和平福祉的真诚愿望，本政府以坦率的精神处理与各国的交往；我高兴地说，这种精神总体上得到了相应的回应。
Difficulties of old standing have been surmounted by friendly discussion and the mutual desire to be just, and the claims of our citizens, which had been long withheld, have at length been acknowledged and adjusted and satisfactory arrangements made for their final payment; and with a limited, and I trust a temporary, exception, our relations with every foreign power are now of the most friendly character, our commerce continually expanding, and our flag respected in every quarter of the world. 长期存在的困难通过友好讨论和相互主持正义的愿望得到了克服，我国公民长期被拖延的索赔终于得到承认和调整，并为最终支付做出了令人满意的安排；除了有限的、我相信是暂时的例外，我们与每一个外国的关系现在都最为友好，我们的商业不断扩大，我们的国旗在世界每一个角落都受到尊重。
These cheering and grateful prospects and these multiplied favors we owe, under Providence, to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. It is no longer a question whether this great country can remain happily united and flourish under our present form of government. Experience, the unerring test of all human undertakings, has shown the wisdom and foresight of those who formed it, and has proved that in the union of these States there is a sure foundation for the brightest hopes of freedom and for the happiness of the people. At every hazard and by every sacrifice this Union must be preserved. 这些令人振奋和感激的前景以及这些多重恩惠，在天意之下，归功于联邦宪法的通过。这个伟大的国家能否在我们现行的政府形式下保持幸福的统一和繁荣，已不再是一个问题。经验——所有人类事业的可靠检验——已经证明了制定宪法的人们的智慧和远见，并证明在这些州的联合中，存在着自由最光明希望和人民幸福的坚实基础。在任何危险下，以任何牺牲，这个联邦都必须得到维护。
The necessity of watching with jealous anxiety for the preservation of the Union was earnestly pressed upon his fellow-citizens by the Father of his Country in his Farewell Address. He has there told us that "while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands;" and he has cautioned us in the strongest terms against the formation of parties on geographical discriminations, as one of the means which might disturb our Union and to which designing men would be likely to resort. 国父在他的告别演说中恳切地向同胞们强调了警惕维护联邦的必要性。他在那里告诉我们："只要经验尚未证明联邦的不可行性，就总是有理由不信任那些在任何地区可能试图削弱联邦纽带的人的爱国心"；他还以最强烈的措辞告诫我们，反对基于地域歧视形成政党，因为这是可能扰乱联邦的手段之一，而别有用心的人很可能会利用这种手段。
The lessons contained in this invaluable legacy of Washington to his countrymen should be cherished in the heart of every citizen to the latest generation; and perhaps at no period of time could they be more usefully remembered than at the present moment; for when we look upon the scenes that are passing around us and dwell upon the pages of his parting address, his paternal counsels would seem to be not merely the offspring of wisdom and foresight, but the voice of prophecy, foretelling events and warning us of the evil to come. 华盛顿留给同胞们的这份无价遗产中包含的教训，应该被每一位公民铭记于心，直至最遥远的后代；也许在任何时期，这些教训都不如现在这样值得铭记；因为当我们审视周围正在发生的景象，思考他的告别演说的篇章时，他慈父般的忠告似乎不仅是智慧和远见的产物，更是预言的声音，预示着事件并警告我们即将到来的邪恶。
Forty years have passed since this imperishable document was given to his countrymen. The Federal Constitution was then regarded by him as an experiment--and he so speaks of it in his Address--but an experiment upon the success of which the best hopes of his country depended; and we all know that he was prepared to lay down his life, if necessary, to secure to it a full and a fair trial. The trial has been made. It has succeeded beyond the proudest hopes of those who framed it. Every quarter of this widely extended nation has felt its blessings and shared in the general prosperity produced by its adoption. 自从这份不朽的文献问世以来，四十年已经过去。当时他将联邦宪法视为一项试验——他在演说中也是如此表述的——但这项试验的成功关系到他的国家最美好的希望；我们都知道，他准备在必要时献出生命，以确保宪法得到充分和公正的检验。检验已经进行了。它的成功超出了制定者最自豪的期望。这个幅员辽阔的国家的每一个角落都感受到了它带来的福祉，并分享了因采纳它而产生的普遍繁荣。
But amid this general prosperity and splendid success the dangers of which he warned us are becoming every day more evident, and the signs of evil are sufficiently apparent to awaken the deepest anxiety in the bosom of the patriot. We behold systematic efforts publicly made to sow the seeds of discord between different parts of the United States and to place party divisions directly upon geographical distinctions; to excite the South against the North and the North against the South, and to force into the controversy the most delicate and exciting topics--topics upon which it is impossible that a large portion of the Union can ever speak without strong emotion. 但在这普遍繁荣和辉煌成就之中，他警告过我们的危险正变得日益明显，邪恶的迹象足以唤醒爱国者内心最深切的焦虑。我们看到有人公开地、有计划地努力在联邦不同地区之间播下不和的种子，并将党派分歧直接建立在地域差异之上；煽动南方反对北方、北方反对南方，并将最微妙和最激动人心的话题强行带入争论——这些话题是联邦很大一部分地区永远无法不带强烈情感地谈论的。
Appeals, too, are constantly made to sectional interests in order to influence the election of the Chief Magistrate, as if it were desired that he should favor a particular quarter of the country instead of fulfilling the duties of his station with impartial justice to all; and the possible dissolution of the Union has at length become an ordinary and familiar subject of discussion. 此外，为了影响首席行政长官的选举，人们不断诉诸地区利益，仿佛希望他偏袒国家的某个特定地区，而不是以公正无私的态度履行其职责；联邦可能解体的问题，最终已成为普通和熟悉的讨论话题。
Has the warning voice of Washington been forgotten, or have designs already been formed to sever the Union? Let it not be supposed that I impute to all of those who have taken an active part in these unwise and unprofitable discussions a want of patriotism or of public virtue. The honorable feeling of State pride and local attachments finds a place in the bosoms of the most enlightened and pure. 华盛顿的警告之声是否已被遗忘，还是已经形成了分裂联邦的计划？不要以为我将缺乏爱国心或公共美德归咎于所有参与这些不明智和无益讨论的人。州的自豪感和地方依恋之情在最开明和纯洁的人心中都有其位置。
But while such men are conscious of their own integrity and honesty of purpose, they ought never to forget that the citizens of other States are their political brethren, and that however mistaken they may be in their views, the great body of them are equally honest and upright with themselves. Mutual suspicions and reproaches may in time create mutual hostility, and artful and designing men will always be found who are ready to foment these fatal divisions and to inflame the natural jealousies of different sections of the country. The history of the world is full of such examples, and especially the history of republics. 但虽然这些人意识到自己的正直和目的的诚实，他们绝不应忘记其他州的公民是他们的政治同胞，无论他们的观点可能多么错误，他们中的大多数人与他们自己一样诚实正直。相互的猜疑和指责可能会在时间中产生相互的敌意，而总会有狡猾和别有用心的人准备煽动这些致命的分裂，并激起国家不同地区自然的嫉妒。世界历史充满了这样的例子，尤其是共和国的历史。
What have you to gain by division and dissension? Delude not yourselves with the belief that a breach once made may be afterwards repaired. If the Union is once severed, the line of separation will grow wider and wider, and the controversies which are now debated and settled in the halls of legislation will then be tried in fields of battle and determined by the sword. 分裂和纷争能给你们带来什么好处？不要自欺欺人地相信，一旦造成裂痕，以后还能修复。如果联邦一旦分裂，分裂的界限将越来越宽，现在在立法大厅辩论和解决的争议，届时将在战场上考验并由刀剑决定。
Neither should you deceive yourselves with the hope that the first line of separation would be the permanent one, and that nothing but harmony and concord would be found in the new associations formed upon the dissolution of this Union. Local interests would still be found there, and unchastened ambition. 你们也不应欺骗自己，以为第一条分裂线将是永久的，以为在联邦解体后形成的新联盟中只会有和谐与一致。那里仍然会有地方利益和不受约束的野心。
And if the recollection of common dangers, in which the people of these United States stood side by side against the common foe, the memory of victories won by their united valor, the prosperity and happiness they have enjoyed under the present Constitution, the proud name they bear as citizens of this great Republic--if all these recollections and proofs of common interest are not strong enough to bind us together as one people, what tie will hold united the new divisions of empire when these bonds have been broken and this Union dissevered? 如果在共同危险中，合众国人民并肩对抗共同敌人的回忆，他们凭借联合英勇赢得胜利的记忆，他们在现行宪法下享受的繁荣与幸福，他们作为这个伟大共和国公民所拥有的自豪称号——如果所有这些共同利益的回忆和证据不足以将我们作为一个民族团结在一起，那么当这些纽带断裂、联邦解体时，什么纽带将把帝国的新分裂部分团结在一起？
The first line of separation would not last for a single generation; new fragments would be torn off, new leaders would spring up, and this great and glorious Republic would soon be broken into a multitude of petty States, without commerce, without credit, jealous of one another, armed for mutual aggression, loaded with taxes to pay armies and leaders, seeking aid against each other from foreign powers, insulted and trampled upon by the nations of Europe. 第一条分裂线不会持续一代人；新的碎片将被撕裂，新的领导人将崛起，这个伟大而光荣的共和国很快将分裂成无数小国，没有商业，没有信誉，相互嫉妒，武装起来相互侵略，背负着支付军队和领导人的税收，寻求外国势力的援助，被欧洲各国侮辱和践踏。
Until, harassed with conflicts and humbled and debased in spirit, they would be ready to submit to the absolute dominion of any military adventurer and to surrender their liberty for the sake of repose. It is impossible to look on the consequences that would inevitably follow the destruction of this Government and not feel indignant when we hear cold calculations about the value of the Union and have so constantly before us a line of conduct so well calculated to weaken its ties. 直到在冲突的困扰下，精神上变得谦卑和堕落，他们将准备屈从于任何军事冒险家的绝对统治，并为了安宁而放弃自由。当我们听到关于联邦价值的冷静计算，并不断看到如此精心策划以削弱其纽带的行为时，看到政府毁灭必然带来的后果，不可能不感到愤慨。
There is too much at stake to allow pride or passion to influence your decision. Never for a moment believe that the great body of the citizens of any State or States can deliberately intend to do wrong. They may, under the influence of temporary excitement or misguided opinions, commit mistakes; they may be misled for a time by the suggestions of self-interest. 事关重大，不容骄傲或激情影响你们的决定。永远不要相信任何一个州或几个州的大多数公民会故意做错事。他们可能在一时激动或错误意见的影响下犯错；他们可能暂时被自身利益的建议所误导。
But in a community so enlightened and patriotic as the people of the United States argument will soon make them sensible of their errors, and when convinced they will be ready to repair them. If they have no higher or better motives to govern them, they will at least perceive that their own interest requires them to be just to others, as they hope to receive justice at their hands. 但在像合众国人民这样开明和爱国的社区中，理性的辩论很快会使他们意识到自己的错误，一旦确信，他们就会准备改正。如果他们没有更高或更好的动机来指导自己，他们至少会认识到，自己的利益要求他们对他人公正，正如他们希望从他人那里得到公正对待一样。
But in order to maintain the Union unimpaired it is absolutely necessary that the laws passed by the constituted authorities should be faithfully executed in every part of the country, and that every good citizen should at all times stand ready to put down, with the combined force of the nation, every attempt at unlawful resistance, under whatever pretext it may be made or whatever shape it may assume. 但为了维护联邦完好无损，绝对必要的是，由合法当局通过的法律应在全国每个地方得到忠实执行，每个善良的公民应随时准备以国家的联合力量镇压任何非法抵抗的企图，无论其借口如何或形式如何。
Unconstitutional or oppressive laws may no doubt be passed by Congress, either from erroneous views or the want of due consideration; if they are within the reach of judicial authority, the remedy is easy and peaceful; and if, from the character of the law, it is an abuse of power not within the control of the judiciary, then free discussion and calm appeals to reason and to the justice of the people will not fail to redress the wrong. 国会无疑可能因错误观点或缺乏应有的考虑而通过违宪或压迫性的法律；如果这些法律在司法权的范围内，补救措施是容易和和平的；如果由于法律的性质，它是一种不受司法控制的权力滥用，那么自由讨论和冷静地诉诸理性和人民的正义，将不会不能纠正错误。
But until the law shall be declared void by the courts or repealed by Congress no individual or combination of individuals can be justified in forcibly resisting its execution. It is impossible that any government can continue to exist upon any other principles. It would cease to be a government and be unworthy of the name if it had not the power to enforce the execution of its own laws within its own sphere of action. 但在法院宣布法律无效或国会废除法律之前，任何个人或个人团体都没有理由强行抵制其执行。任何政府都不可能根据任何其他原则继续存在。如果它没有权力在自己的行动范围内强制执行自己的法律，它就不再是一个政府，不配享有这个名称。
It is true that cases may be imagined disclosing such a settled purpose of usurpation and oppression on the part of the Government as would justify an appeal to arms. These, however, are extreme cases, which we have no reason to apprehend in a government where the power is in the hands of a patriotic people. 确实可以想象，政府方面存在既定的篡权和压迫目的，足以证明诉诸武力是正当的。然而，这些是极端情况，在一个权力掌握在爱国人民手中的政府中，我们没有理由担心。
And no citizen who loves his country would in any case whatever resort to forcible resistance unless he clearly saw that the time had come when a freeman should prefer death to submission; for if such a struggle is once begun, and the citizens of one section of the country arrayed in arms against those of another in doubtful conflict, let the battle result as it may, there will be an end of the Union and with it an end to the hopes of freedom. The victory of the injured would not secure to them the blessings of liberty; it would avenge their wrongs, but they would themselves share in the common ruin. 任何热爱自己国家的公民，在任何情况下都不会诉诸武力抵抗，除非他清楚地看到，一个自由人应该宁愿死亡也不愿屈服的时刻已经到来；因为如果这样的斗争一旦开始，国家一个地区的公民武装起来对抗另一个地区的公民，进行胜负难料的冲突，无论战斗结果如何，联邦将不复存在，自由的希望也将随之破灭。受伤害者的胜利不会为他们确保自由的福祉；它会为他们的冤屈复仇，但他们自己也将分享共同的毁灭。
But the Constitution can not be maintained nor the Union preserved, in opposition to public feeling, by the mere exertion of the coercive powers confided to the General Government. The foundations must be laid in the affections of the people, in the security it gives to life, liberty, character, and property in every quarter of the country, and in the fraternal attachment which the citizens of the several States bear to one another as members of one political family, mutually contributing to promote the happiness of each other. 但是，仅仅依靠赋予联邦政府的强制权力，无法违背公众情感来维护宪法或保存联邦。基础必须奠定在人民的感情之上，奠定在它在全国每个角落给予生命、自由、人格和财产的安全之上，奠定在各州公民作为一个政治家庭的成员相互之间的兄弟般依恋之上，他们相互促进彼此的幸福。
Hence the citizens of every State should studiously avoid everything calculated to wound the sensibility or offend the just pride of the people of other States, and they should frown upon any proceedings within their own borders likely to disturb the tranquillity of their political brethren in other portions of the Union. 因此，每个州的公民都应认真避免一切可能伤害其他州人民感情或冒犯他们正当自豪感的事情，并应反对在自己境内可能扰乱联邦其他部分政治同胞安宁的任何行为。
In a country so extensive as the United States, and with pursuits so varied, the internal regulations of the several States must frequently differ from one another in important particulars, and this difference is unavoidably increased by the varying principles upon which the American colonies were originally planted--principles which had taken deep root in their social relations before the Revolution, and therefore of necessity influencing their policy since they became free and independent States. 在像合众国这样幅员辽阔、追求多样的国家，各州的内部规定必然在重要细节上经常有所不同，这种差异不可避免地因美国殖民地最初建立时的不同原则而加剧——这些原则在革命前已深深扎根于他们的社会关系中，因此必然影响他们成为自由独立州后的政策。
But each State has the unquestionable right to regulate its own internal concerns according to its own pleasure, and while it does not interfere with the rights of the people of other States or the rights of the Union, every State must be the sole judge of the measures proper to secure the safety of its citizens and promote their happiness. 但每个州都有不容置疑的权利根据自己的意愿管理自己的内部事务，只要不干涉其他州人民的权利或联邦的权利，每个州都必须是决定确保其公民安全和促进其幸福的适当措施的唯一法官。
All efforts on the part of people of other States to cast odium upon their institutions, and all measures calculated to disturb their rights of property or to put in jeopardy their peace and internal tranquillity, are in direct opposition to the spirit in which the Union was formed, and must endanger its safety. Motives of philanthropy may be assigned for this unwarrantable interference, and weak men may persuade themselves for a moment that they are laboring in the cause of humanity and asserting the rights of the human race. 其他州人民对其制度的诋毁努力，以及任何旨在扰乱其财产权利或危及他们和平与内部安宁的措施，都直接违背了联邦形成的精神，并必然危及联邦的安全。可以为这种无端干涉分配慈善的动机，软弱的人可能一时说服自己，他们是在为人类事业奋斗，在维护人类的权利。
But everyone, upon sober reflection, will see that nothing but mischief can come from these improper assaults upon the feelings and rights of others. Rest assured that the men found busy in this work of discord are not worthy of your confidence, and deserve your strongest reprobation. 但每个人在冷静反思后都会看到，这些对他人感情和权利的不当攻击只会带来祸害。放心吧，那些忙于制造不和的人不值得你们信任，应该受到你们最强烈的谴责。
In the legislation of Congress also, and in every measure of the General Government, justice to every portion of the United States should be faithfully observed. No free government can stand without virtue in the people and a lofty spirit of patriotism, and if the sordid feelings of mere selfishness shall usurp the place which ought to be filled by public spirit, the legislation of Congress will soon be converted into a scramble for personal and sectional advantages. 在国会的立法中，以及在联邦政府的每一项措施中，都应忠实遵守对合众国每个部分的正义。没有人民的美德和崇高的爱国精神，任何自由政府都无法立足，如果纯粹自私的卑鄙情感篡夺了公共精神应占据的位置，国会的立法很快就会变成争夺个人和地区利益的混战。
Under our free institutions the citizens of every quarter of our country are capable of attaining a high degree of prosperity and happiness without seeking to profit themselves at the expense of others; and every such attempt must in the end fail to succeed, for the people in every part of the United States are too enlightened not to understand their own rights and interests and to detect and defeat every effort to gain undue advantages over them. 在我们的自由制度下，我国每个角落的公民都能够在不损害他人利益的情况下获得高度的繁荣和幸福；每一次这样的尝试最终都必然失败，因为合众国各地的人民太开明了，不会不理解自己的权利和利益，不会不发现并挫败每一次试图获得不当优势的努力。
When such designs are discovered it naturally provokes resentments which can not always be easily allayed. Justice--full and ample justice to every portion of the United States should be the ruling principle of every freeman, and should guide the deliberations of every public body, whether it be State or national. 当这些图谋被发现时，自然会激起并非总能轻易平息的怨恨。正义——对合众国每个部分的充分和完全的正义——应该是每个自由人的指导原则，并应指导每个公共机构的审议，无论是州级还是国家级。
It is well known that there have always been those amongst us who wish to enlarge the powers of the General Government, and experience would seem to indicate that there is a tendency on the part of this Government to overstep the boundaries marked out for it by the Constitution. Its legitimate authority is abundantly sufficient for all the purposes for which it was created, and its powers being expressly enumerated, there can be no justification for claiming anything beyond them. 众所周知，我们中间总有一些人希望扩大联邦政府的权力，经验似乎表明，这个政府有一种超越宪法为其划定的界限的倾向。其合法权力对于其创建的所有目的来说已经足够充分，其权力是明确列举的，没有理由要求超出这些权力的任何东西。
Every attempt to exercise power beyond these limits should be promptly and firmly opposed, for one evil example will lead to other measures still more mischievous; and if the principle of constructive powers or supposed advantages or temporary circumstances shall ever be permitted to justify the assumption of a power not given by the Constitution, the General Government will before long absorb all the powers of legislation, and you will have in effect but one consolidated government. 每一次试图超越这些限制行使权力的行为都应立即坚决反对，因为一个邪恶的例子会导致其他更具危害性的措施；如果建设性权力原则或所谓的优势或临时情况被允许证明行使宪法未赋予的权力是正当的，联邦政府不久就会吸收所有立法权力，你们实际上将只有一个集权政府。
From the extent of our country, its diversified interests, different pursuits, and different habits, it is too obvious for argument that a single consolidated government would be wholly inadequate to watch over and protect its interests; and every friend of our free institutions should be always prepared to maintain unimpaired and in full vigor the rights and sovereignty of the States and to confine the action of the General Government strictly to the sphere of its appropriate duties. 从我们国家的幅员、多样化的利益、不同的追求和不同的习惯来看，一个单一的集权政府完全不足以监督和保护其利益，这是不言自明的；每个自由制度的朋友都应随时准备维护各州的权利和主权不受损害并充满活力，并将联邦政府的行动严格限制在其适当职责的范围内。
There is, perhaps, no one of the powers conferred on the Federal Government so liable to abuse as the taxing power. The most productive and convenient sources of revenue were necessarily given to it, that it might be able to perform the important duties imposed upon it; and the taxes which it lays upon commerce being concealed from the real payer in the price of the article, they do not so readily attract the attention of the people as smaller sums demanded from them directly by the taxgatherer. 也许，联邦政府赋予的权力中，没有一项比征税权更容易被滥用。最具生产力和便利性的收入来源必然被赋予它，使其能够履行强加于它的重要职责；它对商业征收的税款在商品价格中被隐藏起来，不被实际纳税人看到，因此不像税务员直接向他们征收的较小款项那样容易引起人们的注意。
But the tax imposed on goods enhances by so much the price of the commodity to the consumer, and as many of these duties are imposed on articles of necessity which are daily used by the great body of the people, the money raised by these imposts is drawn from their pockets. Congress has no right under the Constitution to take money from the people unless it is required to execute some one of the specific powers intrusted to the Government; and if they raise more than is necessary for such purposes, it is an abuse of the power of taxation, and unjust and oppressive. 但对商品征收的税款使商品价格对消费者提高了相应的数额，由于许多这些税款是对广大人民日常使用的必需品征收的，这些税款筹集的资金是从他们的口袋中取出的。国会根据宪法无权向人民征税，除非是为了执行赋予政府的某项特定权力；如果他们征收的税款超过了这些目的所需，那就是滥用征税权，是不公正和压迫性的。
It may indeed happen that the revenue will sometimes exceed the amount anticipated when the taxes were laid. When, however, this is ascertained, it is easy to reduce them, and in such a case it is unquestionably the duty of the Government to reduce them, for no circumstances can justify it in assuming a power not given to it by the Constitution nor in taking away the money of the people when it is not needed for the legitimate wants of the Government. 确实，有时税收会超过征税时预期的数额。然而，当这一点确定后，很容易降低税率，在这种情况下，政府无疑有责任降低税率，因为任何情况都不能证明它行使宪法未赋予的权力或在政府合法需要之外拿走人民的钱是正当的。
Plain as these principles appear to be, you will yet find there is a constant effort to induce the General Government to go beyond the limits of its taxing power and to impose unnecessary burdens upon the people. Many powerful interests are continually at work to procure heavy duties on commerce and to swell the revenue beyond the real necessities of the public service, and the country has already felt the injurious effects of their combined influence. 尽管这些原则看起来很清楚，但你们仍然会发现，不断有人努力诱使联邦政府超越其征税权的限制，向人民施加不必要的负担。许多强大的利益集团不断努力争取高额商业关税，并将收入扩大到公共服务实际需求之外，国家已经感受到了它们联合影响的有害影响。
They succeeded in obtaining a tariff of duties bearing most oppressively on the agricultural and laboring classes of society and producing a revenue that could not be usefully employed within the range of the powers conferred upon Congress, and in order to fasten upon the people this unjust and unequal system of taxation extravagant schemes of internal improvement were got up in various quarters to squander the money and to purchase support. 他们成功地获得了一套关税，对社会的农业和劳动阶级造成了最沉重的负担，并产生了超出国会授予权力范围的收入，为了让人民接受这种不公正和不平等的税收制度，各地提出了奢侈的内部改进计划来挥霍这笔钱并争取支持。
Thus one unconstitutional measure was intended to be upheld by another, and the abuse of the power of taxation was to be maintained by usurping the power of expending the money in internal improvements. You can not have forgotten the severe and doubtful struggle through which we passed when the executive department of the Government by its veto endeavored to arrest this prodigal scheme of injustice and to bring back the legislation of Congress to the boundaries prescribed by the Constitution. 因此，一项违宪措施打算用另一项来维持，征税权的滥用将通过篡夺在内政改进方面支出资金的权力来维持。你们一定不会忘记我们经历的激烈而艰难的斗争，当时政府行政部门通过否决努力阻止这一浪费的不公正计划，并将国会的立法带回宪法规定的界限内。
The good sense and practical judgment of the people when the subject was brought before them sustained the course of the Executive, and this plan of unconstitutional expenditures for the purposes of corrupt influence is, I trust, finally overthrown. 当这个问题提交给人民时，他们的良好判断力和实际智慧支持了行政部门的做法，我相信，这种为腐败影响目的进行违宪支出的计划最终被推翻了。
The result of this decision has been felt in the rapid extinguishment of the public debt and the large accumulation of a surplus in the Treasury, notwithstanding the tariff was reduced and is now very far below the amount originally contemplated by its advocates. 尽管关税降低了，现在远低于其倡导者最初设想的数额，但这一决定的结果已经体现在公共债务的迅速清偿和财政部的大量盈余积累上。
But, rely upon it, the design to collect an extravagant revenue and to burden you with taxes beyond the economical wants of the Government is not yet abandoned. The various interests which have combined together to impose a heavy tariff and to produce an overflowing Treasury are too strong and have too much at stake to surrender the contest. 但是，请相信，征收过多收入并以超出政府经济需求的税款负担你们的计划尚未放弃。联合起来强加高额关税并产生过多财政收入的各种利益集团太强大了，有太多利害关系，不会放弃这场斗争。
The corporations and wealthy individuals who are engaged in large manufacturing establishments desire a high tariff to increase their gains. Designing politicians will support it to conciliate their favor and to obtain the means of profuse expenditure for the purpose of purchasing influence in other quarters. 从事大型制造业的公司和富裕个人希望高额关税增加他们的收益。别有用心的政客会支持它以博取他们的好感，并获得大量支出的手段，以便在其他地区争取影响力。
Since the people have decided that the Federal Government can not be permitted to employ its income in internal improvements, efforts will be made to seduce and mislead the citizens of the several States by holding out to them the deceitful prospect of benefits to be derived from a surplus revenue collected by the General Government and annually divided among the States. 既然人民已经决定不允许联邦政府将其收入用于内部改进，人们将努力通过向各州公民展示从联邦政府征收的盈余收入中每年分配给各州的虚假利益前景来诱惑和误导他们。
If, encouraged by these fallacious hopes, the States should disregard the principles of economy which ought to characterize every republican government, and should indulge in lavish expenditures exceeding their resources, they will before long find themselves oppressed with debts which they are unable to pay, and the temptation will become irresistible to support a high tariff in order to obtain a surplus for distribution. 如果各州在这些错误希望的鼓励下，无视每个共和政府应有的节约原则，并沉溺于超出其资源的奢侈支出，他们不久就会发现自己背负着无法偿还的债务，支持高额关税以获得可分配盈余的诱惑将变得不可抗拒。
Do not allow yourselves, my fellow-citizens, to be misled on this subject. The Federal Government can not collect a surplus for such purposes without violating the principles of the Constitution and assuming powers which have not been granted. It is, moreover, a system of injustice, and if persisted in will inevitably lead to corruption, and must end in ruin. 同胞们，不要在这个问题上被误导。联邦政府不能为这样的目的征收盈余，而不违反宪法原则并行使未被授予的权力。此外，这是一种不公正的制度，如果坚持下去，必然导致腐败，并最终导致毁灭。
The surplus revenue will be drawn from the pockets of the people--from the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society; but who will receive it when distributed among the States, where it is to be disposed of by leading State politicians, who have friends to favor and political partisans to gratify? It will certainly not be returned to those who paid it and who have most need of it and are honestly entitled to it. 盈余收入将从人民的口袋中取出——从农民、工匠和劳动阶级的口袋中取出；但当它分配给各州时，谁将收到它？它将由各州的主要政客支配，他们有朋友要偏袒，有政治党羽要取悦。它肯定不会返还给那些支付它的人，那些最需要它并理应得到它的人。
There is but one safe rule, and that is to confine the General Government rigidly within the sphere of its appropriate duties. It has no power to raise a revenue or impose taxes except for the purposes enumerated in the Constitution, and if its income is found to exceed these wants it should be forthwith reduced and the burden of the people so far lightened. 只有一个安全的规则，那就是将联邦政府严格限制在其适当职责的范围内。它除了宪法列举的目的外，没有权力征税或收税，如果其收入超过这些需求，应立即降低税率，减轻人民的负担。
In reviewing the conflicts which have taken place between different interests in the United States and the policy pursued since the adoption of our present form of Government, we find nothing that has produced such deep-seated evil as the course of legislation in relation to the currency. The Constitution of the United States unquestionably intended to secure to the people a circulating medium of gold and silver. 在回顾合众国不同利益集团之间发生的冲突以及自我们现行政府形式通过以来所奉行的政策时，我们发现，没有任何事情像货币立法那样产生如此根深蒂固的邪恶。合众国宪法无疑旨在为人民提供一种金和银的流通媒介。
But the establishment of a national bank by Congress, with the privilege of issuing paper money receivable in the payment of the public dues, and the unfortunate course of legislation in the several States upon the same subject, drove from general circulation the constitutional currency and substituted one of paper in its place. 但国会设立的国家银行，拥有发行可用于支付公共款项的纸币的特权，以及各州在同一问题上不幸的立法进程，将宪法规定的货币从普遍流通中驱逐出去，并用纸币取而代之。
It was not easy for men engaged in the ordinary pursuits of business, whose attention had not been particularly drawn to the subject, to foresee all the consequences of a currency exclusively of paper, and we ought not on that account to be surprised at the facility with which laws were obtained to carry into effect the paper system. 对于从事普通商业活动的人来说，他们的注意力没有特别被吸引到这个问题上，很难预见纯粹纸币货币的所有后果，因此我们不应惊讶于法律如此容易地获得通过以实施纸币制度。
Honest and even enlightened men are sometimes misled by the specious and plausible statements of the designing. But experience has now proved the mischiefs and dangers of a paper currency, and it rests with you to determine whether the proper remedy shall be applied. 诚实的甚至开明的人有时会被别有用心者的似是而非的陈述所误导。但经验现在已经证明了纸币的祸害和危险，应由你们决定是否应采取适当的补救措施。
The paper system being founded on public confidence and having of itself no intrinsic value, it is liable to great and sudden fluctuations, thereby rendering property insecure and the wages of labor unsteady and uncertain. The corporations which create the paper money can not be relied upon to keep the circulating medium uniform in amount. 纸币制度建立在公众信心之上，本身没有内在价值，容易发生巨大而突然的波动，从而使财产不安全，劳动工资不稳定和不确定。创造纸币的公司不能被指望保持流通媒介数量的统一。
In times of prosperity, when confidence is high, they are tempted by the prospect of gain or by the influence of those who hope to profit by it to extend their issues of paper beyond the bounds of discretion and the reasonable demands of business; and when these issues have been pushed on from day to day, until public confidence is at length shaken, then a reaction takes place, and they immediately withdraw the credits they have given, suddenly curtail their issues, and produce an unexpected and ruinous contraction of the circulating medium, which is felt by the whole community. 在繁荣时期，当信心高涨时，他们被利益前景或希望从中获利的人的影响所诱惑，将纸币发行超出谨慎的界限和商业的合理需求；当这些发行日复一日地推进，直到公众信心最终动摇时，就会发生反应，他们立即撤回他们给予的信贷，突然缩减发行，产生流通媒介意外的和毁灭性的收缩，这影响到整个社会。
The banks by this means save themselves, and the mischievous consequences of their imprudence or cupidity are visited upon the public. Nor does the evil stop here. These ebbs and flows in the currency and these indiscreet extensions of credit naturally engender a spirit of speculation injurious to the habits and character of the people. 银行通过这种方式拯救了自己，而他们的轻率或贪婪的有害后果则降临到公众身上。邪恶还不止于此。货币的这些潮起潮落和信贷的这些轻率扩张自然滋生了一种投机精神，对人民的习惯和品格造成损害。
We have already seen its effects in the wild spirit of speculation in the public lands and various kinds of stock which within the last year or two seized upon such a multitude of our citizens and threatened to pervade all classes of society and to withdraw their attention from the sober pursuits of honest industry. 我们已经在过去一两年间对公共土地和各种股票的疯狂投机精神中看到了它的影响，这种精神席卷了我们如此众多的公民，威胁要渗透到社会的各个阶层，并使他们从诚实劳动的严肃追求中转移注意力。
It is not by encouraging this spirit that we shall best preserve public virtue and promote the true interests of our country; but if your currency continues as exclusively paper as it now is, it will foster this eager desire to amass wealth without labor; it will multiply the number of dependents on bank accommodations and bank favors; the temptation to obtain money at any sacrifice will become stronger and stronger, and inevitably lead to corruption, which will find its way into your public councils and destroy at no distant day the purity of your Government. 鼓励这种精神不是我们最好地维护公共美德和促进国家真正利益的方式；但如果你们的货币继续像现在这样完全是纸币，它将助长这种不劳而获积累财富的急切欲望；它将增加依赖银行贷款和银行恩惠的人数；不惜一切代价获取金钱的诱惑将变得越来越强烈，并不可避免地导致腐败，这种腐败将进入你们的公共议会，并在不远的将来摧毁你们政府的纯洁性。
Some of the evils which arise from this system of paper press with peculiar hardship upon the class of society least able to bear it. A portion of this currency frequently becomes depreciated or worthless, and all of it is easily counterfeited in such a manner as to require peculiar skill and much experience to distinguish the counterfeit from the genuine note. 纸币制度带来的一些祸害对社会中最无力承受的阶级造成了特殊的困难。这种货币的一部分经常贬值或变得毫无价值，而且所有货币都很容易被伪造，需要特殊的技能和丰富的经验才能区分假钞和真钞。
These frauds are most generally perpetrated in the smaller notes, which are used in the daily transactions of ordinary business, and the losses occasioned by them are commonly thrown upon the laboring classes of society, whose situation and pursuits put it out of their power to guard themselves from these impositions, and whose daily wages are necessary for their subsistence. 这些欺诈行为最普遍地发生在小额钞票上，这些钞票用于日常商业交易，由此造成的损失通常落在社会的劳动阶级身上，他们的处境和职业使他们无法保护自己免受这些欺骗，他们的日工资对于维持生计是必要的。
It is the duty of every government so to regulate its currency as to protect this numerous class, as far as practicable, from the impositions of avarice and fraud. It is more especially the duty of the United States, where the Government is emphatically the Government of the people, and where this respectable portion of our citizens are so proudly distinguished from the laboring classes of all other nations by their independent spirit, their love of liberty, their intelligence, and their high tone of moral character. 每个政府都有责任如此规范其货币，以便在可行范围内保护这个庞大的阶级免受贪婪和欺诈的欺骗。合众国政府尤其负有这一责任，因为政府是人民的政府，我们公民中这一受尊敬的部分以其独立精神、对自由的热爱、智慧和高尚的道德品格，自豪地与所有其他国家的劳动阶级区分开来。
Their industry in peace is the source of our wealth and their bravery in war has covered us with glory; and the Government of the United States will but ill discharge its duties if it leaves them a prey to such dishonest impositions. Yet it is evident that their interests can not be effectually protected unless silver and gold are restored to circulation. 他们在和平时期的勤劳是我们财富的源泉，他们在战争中的勇敢为我们赢得了荣耀；如果合众国政府让他们成为这种不诚实欺骗的受害者，那就是严重失职。然而，显然除非恢复金银流通，否则他们的利益无法得到有效保护。
These views alone of the paper currency are sufficient to call for immediate reform; but there is another consideration which should still more strongly press it upon your attention. 仅这些对纸币的看法就足以要求立即改革；但还有另一个考虑因素，应该更强烈地引起你们的注意。
Recent events have proved that the paper-money system of this country may be used as an engine to undermine your free institutions, and that those who desire to engross all power in the hands of the few and to govern by corruption or force are aware of its power and prepared to employ it. 最近的事件证明，这个国家的纸币制度可能被用作破坏你们自由制度的工具，那些渴望将所有权力集中在少数人手中并通过腐败或武力统治的人意识到了它的力量并准备使用它。
Your banks now furnish your only circulating medium, and money is plenty or scarce according to the quantity of notes issued by them. While they have capitals not greatly disproportioned to each other, they are competitors in business, and no one of them can exercise dominion over the rest. 你们的银行现在提供你们唯一的流通媒介，货币的充足或稀缺取决于它们发行的纸币数量。虽然它们的资本彼此相差不大，但它们在商业上是竞争对手，没有一家能够对其他银行行使统治权。
Although in the present state of the currency these banks may and do operate injuriously upon the habits of business, the pecuniary concerns, and the moral tone of society, yet, from their number and dispersed situation, they can not combine for the purposes of political influence, and whatever may be the dispositions of some of them their power of mischief must necessarily be confined to a narrow space and felt only in their immediate neighborhoods. 尽管在目前的货币状况下，这些银行可能并且确实对商业习惯、金融事务和社会道德风气产生有害影响，但由于它们的数量和分散的情况，它们无法为政治影响的目的联合起来，无论其中一些银行的倾向如何，它们造成祸害的力量必然局限于狭小的空间，只在它们的直接周边地区感受到。
But when the charter for the Bank of the United States was obtained from Congress it perfected the schemes of the paper system and gave to its advocates the position they have struggled to obtain from the commencement of the Federal Government to the present hour. The immense capital and peculiar privileges bestowed upon it enabled it to exercise despotic sway over the other banks in every part of the country. 但是，当合众国银行的特许状从国会获得时，它完善了纸币制度的计划，并为其倡导者提供了从联邦政府成立到现在一直在努力争取的地位。赋予它的巨大资本和特殊特权使其能够对全国每个地区的其他银行行使专制统治。
From its superior strength it could seriously injure, if not destroy, the business of any one of them which might incur its resentment; and it openly claimed for itself the power of regulating the currency throughout the United States. In other words, it asserted (and it undoubtedly possessed) the power to make money plenty or scarce at its pleasure, at any time and in any quarter of the Union, by controlling the issues of other banks and permitting an expansion or compelling a general contraction of the circulating medium, according to its own will. 凭借其优越的实力，它可以严重损害，如果不是摧毁，任何一家可能招致其怨恨的银行的业务；它公开声称拥有调节全国货币的权力。换句话说，它声称（并且无疑拥有）根据自己的意愿，通过控制其他银行的发行，允许流通媒介扩张或强制其普遍收缩，在任何时候、在联邦的任何地区使货币充足或稀缺的权力。
The other banking institutions were sensible of its strength, and they soon generally became its obedient instruments, ready at all times to execute its mandates; and with the banks necessarily went also that numerous class of persons in our commercial cities who depend altogether on bank credits for their solvency and means of business, and who are therefore obliged, for their own safety, to propitiate the favor of the money power by distinguished zeal and devotion in its service. 其他银行机构意识到了它的力量，很快普遍成为其顺从的工具，随时准备执行其命令；与银行一起的，还有我们商业城市中那些完全依赖银行信贷来维持偿付能力和商业手段的众多阶层，因此他们为了自身安全，不得不以对货币权力的非凡热情和奉献来讨好它。
The result of the ill-advised legislation which established this great monopoly was to concentrate the whole moneyed power of the Union, with its boundless means of corruption and its numerous dependents, under the direction and command of one acknowledged head, thus organizing this particular interest as one body and securing to it unity and concert of action throughout the United States, and enabling it to bring forward upon any occasion its entire and undivided strength to support or defeat any measure of the Government. 这项不明智的立法建立了这个伟大的垄断机构，其结果是将联邦的全部货币权力，连同其无限的腐败手段和众多的依附者，集中在一个公认的首领的指挥之下，从而将这一特定利益组织为一个整体，并确保其在合众国的团结和协调行动，使其能够在任何场合调动全部和未分割的力量来支持或反对政府的任何措施。
In the hands of this formidable power, thus perfectly organized, was also placed unlimited dominion over the amount of the circulating medium, giving it the power to regulate the value of property and the fruits of labor in every quarter of the Union, and to bestow prosperity or bring ruin upon any city or section of the country as might best comport with its own interest or policy. 在这个如此完美组织的强大权力手中，还被赋予了对流通媒介数量的无限统治权，使其能够调节联邦每个地区的财产价值和劳动成果，并根据自身利益或政策，将繁荣赐予或毁灭任何城市或地区。
We are not left to conjecture how the moneyed power, thus organized and with such a weapon in its hands, would be likely to use it. The distress and alarm which pervaded and agitated the whole country when the Bank of the United States waged war upon the people in order to compel them to submit to its demands can not yet be forgotten. 我们无需推测这个如此组织并掌握如此武器的货币权力可能会如何使用它。当合众国银行向人民开战以迫使他们屈服于其要求时，遍及全国的痛苦和恐慌至今仍未被遗忘。
The ruthless and unsparing temper with which whole cities and communities were oppressed, individuals impoverished and ruined, and a scene of cheerful prosperity suddenly changed into one of gloom and despondency ought to be indelibly impressed on the memory of the people of the United States. 它以无情和毫不留情的态度压迫整个城市和社区，使个人贫困和破产，将一片欢乐繁荣的景象突然变成一片黑暗和沮丧，这应该永远铭刻在合众国人民的记忆中。
If such was its power in a time of peace, what would it not have been in a season of war, with an enemy at your doors? No nation but the freemen of the United States could have come out victorious from such a contest; yet, if you had not conquered, the Government would have passed from the hands of the many to the hands of the few, and this organized money power from its secret conclave would have dictated the choice of your highest officers and compelled you to make peace or war, as best suited their own wishes. The forms of your Government might for a time have remained, but its living spirit would have departed from it. 如果这是它在和平时期的力量，那么在战争时期，当敌人就在你们家门口时，它会是什么样子？除了合众国的自由人，没有任何国家能够从这样的斗争中获胜；然而，如果你们没有获胜，政府将从多数人手中转移到少数人手中，这个有组织的货币权力将从其秘密会议中决定你们最高官员的选择，并迫使你们按照他们自己的意愿决定和平或战争。你们政府的形式可能会暂时保留，但其活生生的精神将已经离开它。
The distress and sufferings inflicted on the people by the bank are some of the fruits of that system of policy which is continually striving to enlarge the authority of the Federal Government beyond the limits fixed by the Constitution. The powers enumerated in that instrument do not confer on Congress the right to establish such a corporation as the Bank of the United States, and the evil consequences which followed may warn us of the danger of departing from the true rule of construction. 银行给人民带来的痛苦和苦难，是那种不断努力将联邦政府的权力扩大到宪法规定的界限之外的政策体系的一些后果。宪法中列举的权力并未赋予国会设立诸如合众国银行这样的公司的权利，随之而来的邪恶后果可以警告我们偏离正确的解释规则的危险。
We should also be warned against permitting temporary circumstances or the hope of better promoting the public welfare to influence in any degree our decisions upon the extent of the authority of the General Government. Let us abide by the Constitution as it is written, or amend it in the constitutional mode if it is found to be defective. 我们也应该警惕允许临时情况或希望更好地促进公共福利在任何程度上影响我们对联邦政府权力范围的决定。让我们遵守宪法的规定，或者如果发现它有缺陷，以宪法规定的方式修改它。
The severe lessons of experience will, I doubt not, be sufficient to prevent Congress from again chartering such a monopoly, even if the Constitution did not present an insuperable objection to it. But you must remember, my fellow-citizens, that eternal vigilance by the people is the price of liberty, and that you must pay the price if you wish to secure the blessing. 经验的严厉教训无疑足以阻止国会再次特许这样的垄断，即使宪法没有提出不可逾越的反对意见。但同胞们，你们必须记住，人民永恒的警惕是自由的代价，如果你们希望确保这一福祉，就必须付出这个代价。
It behooves you, therefore, to be watchful in your States as well as in the Federal Government. The power which the moneyed interest can exercise, when concentrated under a single head and with our present system of currency, was sufficiently demonstrated in the struggle made by the Bank of the United States. 因此，你们不仅在联邦政府中，而且在各州中都应保持警惕。当货币利益集中在一个单一首领之下，并在我们现行的货币制度下，它所能行使的权力，在合众国银行的斗争中已经充分展示。
Defeated in the General Government, the same class of intriguers and politicians will now resort to the States and endeavor to obtain there the same organization which they failed to perpetuate in the Union; and with specious and deceitful plans of public advantages and State interests and State pride they will endeavor to establish in the different States one moneyed institution with overgrown capital and exclusive privileges sufficient to enable it to control the operations of the other banks. 在联邦政府中失败后，同一类阴谋家和政客现在将诉诸各州，并努力在那里获得他们未能在联邦中永久保留的同样组织；他们将以公共利益、州利益和州自豪感的似是而非和欺骗性计划，努力在不同的州建立一个资金雄厚、享有特权的货币机构，足以使其控制其他银行的运作。
Such an institution will be pregnant with the same evils produced by the Bank of the United States, although its sphere of action is more confined, and in the State in which it is chartered the money power will be able to embody its whole strength and to move together with undivided force to accomplish any object it may wish to attain. 这样的机构将孕育合众国银行产生的同样邪恶，尽管其行动范围更有限，但在其获得特许的州中，货币权力将能够集中其全部力量，并以未分割的力量共同行动，以实现其可能希望达到的任何目标。
You have already had abundant evidence of its power to inflict injury upon the agricultural, mechanical, and laboring classes of society, and over those whose engagements in trade or speculation render them dependent on bank facilities the dominion of the State monopoly will be absolute and their obedience unlimited. 你们已经有充分的证据证明它有能力对社会的农业、机械和劳动阶级造成伤害，对于那些从事贸易或投机、依赖银行便利的人来说，州垄断的统治将是绝对的，他们的服从将是无限的。
With such a bank and a paper currency the money power would in a few years govern the State and control its measures, and if a sufficient number of States can be induced to create such establishments the time will soon come when it will again take the field against the United States and succeed in perfecting and perpetuating its organization by a charter from Congress. 有了这样的银行和纸币，货币权力将在几年内统治这个州并控制其措施，如果能够诱使足够数量的州创建这样的机构，不久就会再次与合众国对抗，并通过国会的特许状成功完善和永久保留其组织。
It is one of the serious evils of our present system of banking that it enables one class of society--and that by no means a numerous one--by its control over the currency, to act injuriously upon the interests of all the others and to exercise more than its just proportion of influence in political affairs. 我们现行银行制度的严重弊端之一是，它使社会的一个阶级——而且绝不是一个多数阶级——通过控制货币，能够对所有其他阶级的利益造成伤害，并在政治事务中行使超过其应得份额的影响力。
The agricultural, the mechanical, and the laboring classes have little or no share in the direction of the great moneyed corporations, and from their habits and the nature of their pursuits they are incapable of forming extensive combinations to act together with united force. 农业、机械和劳动阶级在大型货币公司的管理中几乎没有或没有份额，并且由于他们的习惯和职业性质，他们无法形成广泛的联合以联合力量行动。
Such concert of action may sometimes be produced in a single city or in a small district of country by means of personal communications with each other, but they have no regular or active correspondence with those who are engaged in similar pursuits in distant places; they have but little patronage to give to the press, and exercise but a small share of influence over it; they have no crowd of dependents about them who hope to grow rich without labor by their countenance and favor, and who are therefore always ready to execute their wishes. 这种联合行动有时可能通过个人之间的交流在单个城市或小地区产生，但他们与从事类似职业的远方人士没有定期或积极的通信；他们对媒体的赞助很少，对媒体的影响力也很小；他们身边没有一群希望不劳而获地通过他们的支持和青睐致富的依附者，这些人因此随时准备执行他们的意愿。
The planter, the farmer, the mechanic, and the laborer all know that their success depends upon their own industry and economy, and that they must not expect to become suddenly rich by the fruits of their toil. Yet these classes of society form the great body of the people of the United States; they are the bone and sinew of the country--men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws, and who, moreover, hold the great mass of our national wealth, although it is distributed in moderate amounts among the millions of freemen who possess it. 种植者、农民、工匠和劳动者都知道，他们的成功取决于自己的勤劳和节约，他们不能指望通过辛勤劳动的成果突然致富。然而，这些社会阶级构成了合众国人民的主体；他们是国家的骨干——热爱自由、只渴望平等权利和平等法律的人，而且他们还拥有我们国家的大部分财富，尽管这些财富以适度的数量分配给拥有它的数百万自由人。
But with overwhelming numbers and wealth on their side they are in constant danger of losing their fair influence in the Government, and with difficulty maintain their just rights against the incessant efforts daily made to encroach upon them. The mischief springs from the power which the moneyed interest derives from a paper currency which they are able to control, from the multitude of corporations with exclusive privileges which they have succeeded in obtaining in the different States, and which are employed altogether for their benefit. 但尽管他们在人数和财富上占压倒性优势，他们却不断面临在政府中失去公平影响力的危险，并难以维护他们的正当权利，抵御每天不断侵犯他们的努力。祸害源于货币利益从他们能够控制的纸币中获得的权力，源于他们在不同州成功获得的众多享有特权的公司，这些公司完全为他们的利益服务。
Unless you become more watchful in your States and check this spirit of monopoly and thirst for exclusive privileges you will in the end find that the most important powers of Government have been given or bartered away, and the control over your dearest interests has passed into the hands of these corporations. 除非你们在各州更加警惕，遏制这种垄断精神和对特权的渴望，否则你们最终会发现，政府最重要的权力已经被赋予或出卖，对你们最宝贵利益的控制已经落入这些公司手中。
The paper-money system and its natural associates--monopoly and exclusive privileges--have already struck their roots deep in the soil, and it will require all your efforts to check its further growth and to eradicate the evil.[See APP note.]The men who profit by the abuses and desire to perpetuate them will continue to besiege the halls of legislation in the General Government as well as in the States, and will seek by every artifice to mislead and deceive the public servants. 纸币制度及其天然伙伴——垄断和特权——已经深深扎根于土壤中，需要你们全力以赴来遏制其进一步增长并根除这种邪恶。从这些滥用中获利并希望永久保持这些滥用的人，将继续围攻联邦政府和各州的立法大厅，并将寻求各种手段来误导和欺骗公职人员。
It is to yourselves that you must look for safety and the means of guarding and perpetuating your free institutions. In your hands is rightfully placed the sovereignty of the country, and to you everyone placed in authority is ultimately responsible. It is always in your power to see that the wishes of the people are carried into faithful execution, and their will, when once made known, must sooner or later be obeyed. 你们必须依靠自己来寻求安全和维护自由制度的手段。国家的主权理所当然地掌握在你们手中，每一位被授予权力的人最终都对你们负责。你们始终有权确保人民的意愿得到忠实执行，一旦人民的意愿被表达出来，迟早必须得到服从。
While the people remain, as I trust they ever will, uncorrupted and incorruptible, and continue watchful and jealous of their rights, the Government is safe, and the cause of freedom will continue to triumph over all its enemies. 只要人民保持，我相信他们永远会保持，纯洁和不可腐蚀，并继续警惕和捍卫他们的权利，政府就是安全的，自由事业将继续战胜所有敌人。
But it will require steady and persevering exertions on your part to rid yourselves of the iniquities and mischiefs of the paper system and to check the spirit of monopoly and other abuses which have sprung up with it, and of which it is the main support. So many interests are united to resist all reform on this subject that you must not hope the conflict will be a short one nor success easy. 但你们需要持续和坚持不懈的努力，才能摆脱纸币制度的不公正和祸害，遏制随之产生的垄断精神和其他滥用行为，而纸币制度是这些行为的主要支柱。如此多的利益集团联合起来抵制这一问题上的所有改革，你们不应期望斗争会是短暂的，也不应期望成功会是容易的。
My humble efforts have not been spared during my administration of the Government to restore the constitutional currency of gold and silver, and something, I trust, has been done toward the accomplishment of this most desirable object; but enough yet remains to require all your energy and perseverance. The power, however, is in your hands, and the remedy must and will be applied if you determine upon it. 在我担任政府职务期间，我不遗余力地努力恢复金和银的宪法货币，我相信在实现这一最理想的目标方面已经做了一些工作；但仍有足够的工作需要你们全部的精力和坚持不懈。然而，权力掌握在你们手中，如果你们下定决心，补救措施必将得到应用。
While I am thus endeavoring to press upon your attention the principles which I deem of vital importance in the domestic concerns of the country, I ought not to pass over without notice the important considerations which should govern your policy toward foreign powers. 当我努力将我认为对国家国内事务至关重要的原则引起你们注意时，我不应不提及指导你们对外国政策的重要考虑因素。
It is unquestionably our true interest to cultivate the most friendly understanding with every nation and to avoid by every honorable means the calamities of war, and we shall best attain this object by frankness and sincerity in our foreign intercourse, by the prompt and faithful execution of treaties, and by justice and impartiality in our conduct to all. 培养与每个国家最友好的理解，并通过一切光荣的手段避免战争的灾难，无疑是我们的真正利益，我们将通过在对外交往中保持坦率和真诚，通过迅速和忠实地执行条约，通过对所有人公正和公平，来最好地实现这一目标。
But no nation, however desirous of peace, can hope to escape occasional collisions with other powers, and the soundest dictates of policy require that we should place ourselves in a condition to assert our rights if a resort to force should ever become necessary. Our local situation, our long line of seacoast, indented by numerous bays, with deep rivers opening into the interior, as well as our extended and still increasing commerce, point to the Navy as our natural means of defense. 但没有一个国家，无论多么渴望和平，能够希望避免与其他国家的偶尔冲突，政策的最明智要求是，我们应该使自己处于一种能够在必要时诉诸武力来维护权利的状态。我们的地理位置、漫长的海岸线、众多的海湾以及通向内陆的深邃河流，以及我们不断扩大的商业，都表明海军是我们天然的防御手段。
It will in the end be found to be the cheapest and most effectual, and now is the time, in a season of peace and with an overflowing revenue, that we can year after year add to its strength without increasing the burdens of the people. It is your true policy, for your Navy will not only protect your rich and flourishing commerce in distant seas, but will enable you to reach and annoy the enemy and will give to defense its greatest efficiency by meeting danger at a distance from home. 最终会发现它是最便宜和最有效的，现在是和平时期，财政收入充足，我们可以年复一年地增强其力量而不增加人民的负担。这是你们真正的政策，因为你们的海军不仅将保护你们在遥远海域的丰富和繁荣的商业，而且将使你们能够到达和骚扰敌人，并通过在远离家乡的地方迎接危险，使防御达到最大效率。
It is impossible by any line of fortifications to guard every point from attack against a hostile force advancing from the ocean and selecting its object, but they are indispensable to protect cities from bombardment, dockyards and naval arsenals from destruction, to give shelter to merchant vessels in time of war and to single ships or weaker squadrons when pressed by superior force. 任何防线都不可能保卫每一个点免受从海洋推进并选择攻击目标的敌对力量的攻击，但防御工事对于保护城市免受轰炸、船坞和海军兵工厂免受破坏、在战争时期为商船提供庇护以及在受到优势力量压迫时为单艘船只或较弱舰队提供掩护是必不可少的。
Fortifications of this description can not be too soon completed and armed and placed in a condition of the most perfect preparation. The abundant means we now possess can not be applied in any manner more useful to the country, and when this is done and our naval force sufficiently strengthened and our militia armed we need not fear that any nation will wantonly insult us or needlessly provoke hostilities. We shall more certainly preserve peace when it is well understood that we are prepared for War. 这类防御工事应尽快完成、装备并处于最完善的准备状态。我们现在拥有的充足资金，没有任何方式比这更有利于国家，当这一切完成，我们的海军力量得到充分加强，我们的民兵武装起来，我们就不必担心任何国家会肆意侮辱我们或无端挑起敌对行动。当人们充分理解我们已做好战争准备时，我们将更有把握维护和平。
In presenting to you, my fellow-citizens, these parting counsels, I have brought before you the leading principles upon which I endeavored to administer the Government in the high office with which you twice honored me. Knowing that the path of freedom is continually beset by enemies who often assume the disguise of friends, I have devoted the last hours of my public life to warn you of the dangers. 同胞们，在向你们提出这些临别忠告时，我向你们展示了我在你们两次授予我的崇高职位上努力管理政府所依据的主要原则。我知道自由的道路不断被那些常常伪装成朋友的敌人所包围，因此我将公共生活的最后时刻用于警告你们这些危险。
The progress of the United States under our free and happy institutions has surpassed the most sanguine hopes of the founders of the Republic. Our growth has been rapid beyond all former example in numbers, in wealth, in knowledge, and all the useful arts which contribute to the comforts and convenience of man. 合众国在我们自由和幸福的制度下取得的进步，已经超越了共和国创始人最乐观的希望。我们在人数、财富、知识以及所有有助于人类舒适和便利的实用艺术方面的增长，是前所未有的。
From the earliest ages of history to the present day there never have been thirteen millions of people associated in one political body who enjoyed so much freedom and happiness as the people of these United States. You have no longer any cause to fear danger from abroad; your strength and power are well known throughout the civilized world, as well as the high and gallant bearing of your sons. 从历史最早的时代到今天，从来没有一千三百万人组成一个政治实体，享受着像合众国人民这样多的自由和幸福。你们不再有任何理由担心来自外部的危险；你们的力量和实力在文明世界是众所周知的，你们的儿子们的崇高和英勇品格也是如此。
It is from within, among yourselves--from cupidity, from corruption, from disappointed ambition and inordinate thirst for power--that factions will be formed and liberty endangered. It is against such designs, whatever disguise the actors may assume, that you have especially to guard yourselves. 派系将从内部产生，从你们中间产生——从贪婪、腐败、失望的野心和对权力的过度渴望中产生——自由将受到威胁。你们必须特别警惕这些图谋，无论参与者采取何种伪装。
You have the highest of human trusts committed to your care. Providence has showered on this favored land blessings without number, and has chosen you as the guardians of freedom, to preserve it for the benefit of the human race. May He who holds in His hands the destinies of nations make you worthy of the favors He has bestowed and enable you, with pure hearts and pure hands and sleepless vigilance, to guard and defend to the end of time the great charge He has committed to your keeping. 你们肩负着人类最高的信任。天意已将无数的福祉倾注在这片受眷顾的土地上，并选择你们作为自由的守护者，为人类的利益而保存自由。愿掌握国家命运的上帝使你们配得上他赐予的恩惠，并使你们能够以纯洁的心、纯洁的手和不眠的警惕，永远守护和捍卫他托付给你们的伟大职责。
My own race is nearly run; advanced age and failing health warn me that before long I must pass beyond the reach of human events and cease to feel the vicissitudes of human affairs. I thank God that my life has been spent in a land of liberty and that He has given me a heart to love my country with the affection of a son. And filled with gratitude for your constant and unwavering kindness, I bid you a last and affectionate farewell. 我的人生旅程即将结束；年迈体衰警告我，不久我将超越人类事件的范围，不再感受人间的变迁。我感谢上帝，我的一生是在自由的土地上度过的，他赐予我一颗像儿子一样热爱祖国的心。怀着对你们始终不渝的善意的感激之情，我向你们作最后的深情告别。
ANDREW JACKSON. 安德鲁·杰克逊
