President Obama: Hola Peru! Asu! Muchas gracias. Thank you so much. Thank you. Everybody, please have a seat. Thank you, Cyntia, for your kind words and your great work here in Peru in bringing people together across generations to meet challenges. Please give Cyntia a big round of applause for the great introduction. 奥巴马总统：你好，秘鲁！啊苏！非常感谢。非常感谢你们。谢谢大家。请就坐。谢谢你，辛西娅，感谢你的热情介绍，也感谢你在秘鲁为团结不同世代的人们应对挑战所做的出色工作。请为辛西娅的精彩介绍热烈鼓掌。
So it is wonderful to be here in Peru. I want to thank everybody at Catholic University of Peru for hosting us. I want to thank the government and the people of this beautiful country for your hospitality. 能来到秘鲁真是太好了。我要感谢秘鲁天主教大学的各位主办这次活动。我要感谢这个美丽国家的政府和人民的盛情款待。
Audience Member: I love you! 观众：我爱你！
President Obama: I love you, too! 奥巴马总统：我也爱你！
So, while I'm here, I'm hoping to enjoy some good food -- some pollo a la brasa. Maybe a pisco sour. But I will not be attempting the Marinera because I usually leave the dancing to my wife, Michelle. She's a better dancer than me. 所以，我在这里期间，希望能品尝到美食——比如秘鲁烤鸡。也许再来一杯皮斯科酸酒。但我不会尝试跳马里内拉舞，因为跳舞这种事通常都留给我妻子米歇尔。她跳得比我好。
But I want to thank all of you for being here -- our Young Leaders of America, both live and online, representing every country in Latin America and the Caribbean. 但我要感谢在座的各位——我们的美洲青年领袖们，无论是现场的还是在线的，你们代表着拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的每一个国家。
Now, this is my final stop on my final trip abroad as President of the United States. And I've had the usual meetings with world leaders, and we've done important business. But whenever I travel, one of the things that I've been trying to do for the last eight years is to meet with young people. First of all, young people are more fun than old people. 这是我作为美国总统最后一次出国访问的最后一站。我已经与世界各国领导人举行了例行会议，我们也开展了重要的工作。但每当我出访时，过去八年来我一直努力做的事情之一就是与年轻人见面。首先，年轻人比老年人更有趣。
Second, because today more than half of the world's population is 30 or younger. And that means your generation will determine the course of our future -- as individual nations and as a global community. Now, the good news is, because I've had a chance to meet so many young people around the world, it makes me very optimistic to know that you are going to be in charge. And that's why I wanted my last public event abroad to be with you. 其次，因为当今世界一半以上的人口年龄在30岁及以下。这意味着你们这一代人将决定我们未来的走向——无论是作为单个国家还是作为一个国际社会。好消息是，由于我有机会在世界各地见到如此多的年轻人，知道未来将由你们掌舵，这让我非常乐观。这就是为什么我希望我在国外的最后一场公开活动是和你们在一起。
I often say to young people in my own country: If you had to be born at any time in human history, it would be right now. If you think about all the progress that's been made, not just in your lifetimes, but even in the last few years, fewer people than ever around the world live in extreme poverty. Scientific breakthroughs are paving the way for cures to new diseases. 我经常对我自己国家的年轻人说：如果可以选择出生在人类历史上的任何一个时期，那一定是现在。想想已经取得的所有进步，不仅是在你们的有生之年，甚至是在过去几年里，世界上生活在极端贫困中的人口比以往任何时候都少。科学突破正在为新疾病的治愈铺平道路。
More children are going to school; more girls in particular are going to school than ever before. People across the world are securing their human rights. And technology has reshaped the world, as you can tell, because everybody has their phones. At a time when Earth is now populated by more cell phones than people, you have the power to connect with each other across borders, across nations. You have the tools in your hand to solve problems that we couldn't even imagine when I was your age. 更多的孩子正在上学；尤其是更多的女孩正在上学，这是前所未有的。世界各地的人们正在争取他们的人权。技术已经重塑了世界，正如你们所能看到的，因为每个人都有手机。在这个地球上手机数量比人口还多的时代，你们有能力跨越国界、跨越民族彼此联系。你们手中的工具可以解决我们在你们这个年纪时甚至无法想象的问题。
Now, even as we make all these important strides in advancing the rights of more people, even as technology brings us closer together, this unprecedented change also brings challenges. We see it in the widening gap between the rich and the poor around the world. We see it in the forces of extremism and division that too often tear communities apart. So the question for all of us is, how can we make sure that in this rapidly changing world, nobody is left behind and that all of us are stronger and more prosperous? 然而，尽管我们在推进更多人的权利方面取得了所有这些重要进展，尽管技术让我们走得更近，这种前所未有的变革也带来了挑战。我们从世界各地贫富差距的扩大中看到了这一点。我们从极端主义和分裂势力中看到了这一点，它们太频繁地撕裂社区。所以我们所有人的问题是，我们如何确保在这个快速变化的世界中，没有人被落下，我们所有人都变得更强大、更繁荣？
So over the last eight years as President, I've worked to strengthen our relationship with the Americas. We're more than just neighbors -- we're linked by trade and culture, and family and values. Our students study in each other's countries. Our businesses sell goods across borders. Our tourists travel back and forth. And we've moved beyond many of the old arguments to create a new vision for the future -- one that your generation, which is liberated from old ways of thinking, can lead. 在过去八年的总统任期内，我一直致力于加强我们与美洲的关系。我们不仅仅是邻居——我们通过贸易、文化、家庭和价值观联系在一起。我们的学生在彼此的国家学习。我们的企业跨境销售商品。我们的游客往返于两地之间。我们已经超越了许多旧有的争论，为未来创造了新的愿景——一个你们这一代人可以引领的愿景，因为你们已经摆脱了旧的思维方式。
During my presidency, the United States recommitted itself to the region, in partnership with your countries, based on mutual interests and mutual respect. We increased trade. We stood up for democracy and human rights, fought against corruption and organized crime. We've promoted clean energy. We've led the global fight against climate change. We opened a new relationship with Cuba. 在我总统任期内，美国基于共同利益和相互尊重，与你们各国合作，重新致力于该地区。我们增加了贸易。我们捍卫民主和人权，打击腐败和有组织犯罪。我们推广清洁能源。我们领导了全球应对气候变化的斗争。我们与古巴开启了新的关系。
I strongly believe that this work has to be done with governments, but it's even more important that it's done by people -- because government is important, but it can't solve every problem. So we have to work together at a people-to-people level -- teachers, and doctors, and students, and entrepreneurs, and religious leaders -- all trying to find ways in which we can promote those values of dignity and humanity and respect that so often are threatened. 我坚信，这项工作必须与政府共同完成，但更重要的是由人民来完成——因为政府很重要，但它不能解决每一个问题。所以我们必须在民间层面共同努力——教师、医生、学生、企业家、宗教领袖——所有人都在努力寻找方法，促进那些经常受到威胁的尊严、人道和尊重的价值观。
And that's why we developed this Young Leaders Initiative. Our goal is to find the most innovative young entrepreneurs, the most energetic civil society leaders like you, and help empower you with the training, and tools and connections so you can make a difference in your communities and your countries. This network already has 20,000 people. This fall, we welcomed the first class of 250 YLAI Fellows to the United States. This is just 100 of them. They're from every country across the Americas. 这就是我们发起这项青年领袖倡议的原因。我们的目标是找到最具创新精神的青年企业家，最有活力的民间社会领袖，比如你们，帮助你们获得培训、工具和人脉，这样你们就能在你们的社区和国家有所作为。这个网络已经有两万人了。今年秋天，我们迎来了首批250名YLAI研究员到美国。这只是其中的100位。他们来自美洲的每个国家。
We want to help. So we want to help this generation with grants, seed funding, skills training. Today, I'm announcing the launch of the Latin American and Caribbean Civil Society Innovation Initiative Hub, which is a way to virtually connect civil society organizations across the region so you can learn from each other, share your good work, support each other. 我们想要提供帮助。所以我们希望通过赠款、种子资金、技能培训来帮助这一代人。今天，我宣布启动拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会创新倡议中心，这是一种将整个地区的民间社会组织虚拟连接起来的方式，这样你们就可以相互学习，分享你们的优秀工作，相互支持。
We're investing $40 million in the talents and entrepreneurship of young people across the Caribbean to help start your own businesses and ventures. We're opening what we call the Global Innovation Exchange so that you can showcase your new business or enterprise to people around the world, and that way you can connect and hopefully get resources that you otherwise didn't have. 我们正在向加勒比地区年轻人的才能和创业精神投资4000万美元，帮助你们创办自己的企业和事业。我们正在推出所谓的全球创新交流平台，这样你们就可以向全世界展示你们的新企业或项目，通过这种方式建立联系，并有望获得原本无法获得的资源。
And we're moving ahead with more education partnerships, like the 100,000 Strong in the Americas. By the end of the decade, we want 100,000 U.S. students studying in the Americas, and 100,000 students from the Americas studying in the United States. And today, we're announcing a partnership between the U.S. Department of State, Sempra, and CAF, which is Latin America's development bank, to fund the first Innovation Fund competition exclusively between Peruvian and U.S. colleges and universities so students can come together to work on climate change and environmental science. 我们还在推进更多的教育合作伙伴关系，比如"美洲十万强"计划。到本十年末，我们希望有十万名美国学生在美洲学习，同时有十万名来自美洲的学生在美国学习。今天，我们宣布美国国务院、桑普拉能源公司和拉丁美洲开发银行（CAF）建立合作伙伴关系，为秘鲁和美国高校之间的首个创新基金竞赛提供资金，让学生们可以共同致力于气候变化和环境科学方面的工作。
So we're focused on the hemisphere, we're focused on the region. But it's more than just North America, South America. You're now part of a global network of young leaders from Africa, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas who are doing amazing work in their own communities. And while my time as U.S. President is coming to an end, this network is just beginning -- it's never been more important. 所以我们关注的是西半球，是整个地区。但这不仅仅是北美和南美的事。你们现在是一个全球青年领袖网络的一部分，这些领袖来自非洲、东南亚、欧洲和美洲，他们在各自的社区做着令人惊叹的工作。虽然我作为美国总统的任期即将结束，但这个网络才刚刚开始——它从未像现在这样重要。
We need you to stay connected, work together, learn from each other, so we can build that next generation of leadership who can take on challenges like climate change and poverty, can help grow our economies, make sure that women get opportunity. Make sure that every child, wherever they live, has a chance to build a good life. 我们需要你们保持联系，共同努力，相互学习，这样我们才能培养下一代领导人，他们能够应对气候变化和贫困等挑战，能够帮助发展我们的经济，确保女性获得机会。确保每个孩子，无论他们住在哪里，都有机会过上好日子。
And I'm going to just give you some examples of the amazing people that are involved in this process. We need leaders like Dr. Valéry Moise. As a young doctor in Haiti, Valéry saw firsthand how issues like acute malnutrition -- hunger -- affected the poorest children in his country. So he and a team of social workers and doctors started an organization called Diagnostik Group, which focuses on improving health care for abandoned children at the largest pediatric hospital in Haiti. 我来给你们举几个参与这个进程的杰出人物的例子。我们需要像瓦莱里·穆瓦斯博士这样的领袖。作为海地的一名年轻医生，瓦莱里亲眼目睹了急性营养不良——饥饿——如何影响他国家最贫困的儿童。所以他和一个由社会工作者和医生组成的团队创办了一个名为Diagnostik Group的组织，专注于在海地最大的儿科医院改善被遗弃儿童的医疗保健。
His goal is for the group to become the standard for pediatric care and to expand so that he can reach even more children across Haiti. So thank you, Valéry, for the great work that you are doing. 他的目标是让这个组织成为儿科护理的标准，并扩大规模，让他能够接触到海地更多的儿童。所以谢谢你，瓦莱里，感谢你所做的伟大工作。
We need leaders like Abbigale Loncke of Guyana. Abbigale, are you here? So after struggling to find her own grandfather home care, Abbigale realized this is a problem for so many other families, so she started Community Health Care, a home care agency. She started out as a service to help families take care of their loved ones but now has a social movement that also provides training and job opportunities for young women in the health care industry. So thank you, Abbigale, for the great work you're doing. And you already heard the great work that Cyntia is doing right here in Peru. 我们需要像圭亚那的阿比盖尔·隆克这样的领袖。阿比盖尔，你在吗？在难以给自己的祖父找到居家护理后，阿比盖尔意识到这对许多其他家庭来说都是一个问题，所以她创办了社区医疗保健公司，一家居家护理机构。她最初是作为一项帮助家庭照顾亲人的服务，但现在已经发展成一场社会运动，同时还为医疗保健行业的年轻女性提供培训和就业机会。所以谢谢你，阿比盖尔，感谢你所做的伟大工作。你们也已经听到了辛西娅在秘鲁这里所做的出色工作。
Across the world and across the Americas, young people are taking the lead. They're seeing problems, they're seeing injustice, and they are finding ways to take action. 在全世界和整个美洲，年轻人都在发挥带头作用。他们看到问题，看到不公，然后找到行动的方式。
And the main message I want you to know is that you have a partner in me and you have a partner in the United States government. And we are going to work together -- we're going to work together. We expect the fellowships to continue, but I want you to know that I will also continue to be involved, even after I'm President, because I want to make sure that we continue to invest in your success. If you succeed, not only do your countries succeed, but the world succeeds. And I'm very excited to see all the great things you're going to do in the future. 我想让你们知道的主要信息是，你们有我作为伙伴，你们有美国政府作为伙伴。我们将共同努力——我们将共同努力。我们预计这些奖学金项目将继续下去，但我想让你们知道，即使在我卸任总统后，我也会继续参与其中，因为我想确保我们继续投资于你们的成功。如果你们成功了，不仅你们的国家会成功，整个世界都会成功。我非常期待看到你们未来将做的所有伟大事情。
So, muchas gracias. Let's take some questions. And now we're going to start with some questions. I'm going to take off my jacket because it's a little hot. I wasn't trying to get a cheer out of that but -- 非常感谢。现在我们开始提问吧。现在我们开始回答一些问题。我要把外套脱掉，因为有点热。我不是想引得大家欢呼，但是——
President Obama: All right, so we're going to start with this question from this gentleman right here. Please introduce yourself as you speak. 奥巴马总统：好的，我们从这位先生的问题开始。请你在发言时先介绍一下自己。
Hold on, the mic is not working. No, not yet. Do we have a second mic? Testing -- one, two, three. Hold on, here's the technical expert. Here we go. Here's another one. Not yet? Uh-oh. Uh-oh. Here we go. We got to try this one. One of these is going to work. 等等，麦克风没声音。不，还不行。我们有备用麦克风吗？测试一下——一、二、三。等等，技术专家来了。来了。这里还有一个。还不行吗？哎呀。哎呀。来了。我们试试这个。其中一个肯定能用。
Question: Testing. 提问者：测试。
President Obama: Oh, there you go. Hey! 奥巴马总统：哦，好了！嘿！
Question: Good afternoon, Mr. President. My name is Luis Santiago [ph]. I'm from Caracas, Venezuela. I'm a YLAI Fellow. We're working on the first electronic health records platform for Latin America, and I was a proud member of this chord of YLAI fellows. 提问者：下午好，总统先生。我叫路易斯·圣地亚哥。我来自委内瑞拉加拉加斯。我是一名YLAI研究员。我们正在开发拉丁美洲第一个电子健康记录平台，我很荣幸成为这批YLAI研究员中的一员。
I'm here to read a question from our YLAI network. There were 200 questions posted on Facebook, but Carlos David Carrasco Muro from Venezuela asks: In Venezuela, there's a debate about what matters most for stability, whether it's peace or democracy. How can we create a world where we do not have to choose between them? Both are important for development. 我来这里是为了宣读我们YLAI网络上的一个问题。脸书上发布了200个问题，但来自委内瑞拉的卡洛斯·大卫·卡拉斯科·穆罗问道：在委内瑞拉，人们在争论稳定最重要的是什么，是和平还是民主。我们如何创造一个不必在两者之间做出选择的世界？两者对发展都很重要。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
President Obama: Well, it's a great question. And it's a timely question, because I think that after a decade in which we've seen more and more countries adopt democratic practices, you're now starting to see some of those gains reversed. You're seeing some countries that are going backwards rather than forwards in terms of freedom of the press, in terms of freedom of the Internet, in terms of respecting political opposition and civil society. 奥巴马总统：这是个很好的问题。也是一个及时的问题，因为我认为在经历了十年越来越多国家采用民主做法之后，你们现在开始看到其中一些成果正在被逆转。你们看到一些国家在新闻自由、互联网自由、尊重政治反对派和公民社会方面不是在进步，而是在倒退。
And there are those who argue that democracy is incompatible with development because you need order, you need somebody from the top to tell people what to do in order to achieve. 有些人认为民主与发展不相容，因为你需要秩序，需要有人自上而下地告诉人们该做什么才能实现发展。
And I would just suggest that you look at the evidence over the last 20, 30, 40 years. Those countries that pursue democracy, that pursue transparency, where their leaders are held accountable -- those are the countries that are doing best. Those countries that are repressive, that don't respect democracy, that silence critics -- they go backwards economically. 我只想建议你们看看过去20年、30年、40年的证据。那些追求民主、追求透明度、领导人被问责的国家——正是这些国家发展得最好。那些压制性的、不尊重民主的、压制批评者的国家——它们的经济在倒退。
And it makes sense when you think about it, because in this time that we live in, development is based on knowledge and innovation and education and new thinking and sharing of ideas. It's not based on how much land you have, it's not based on natural resources. It's based on your people. 仔细想想这是有道理的，因为在我们生活的这个时代，发展是基于知识、创新、教育、新思维和思想交流的。它不是基于你有多少土地，不是基于自然资源。它是基于你的人民。
And in a democracy, what we're able to do is -- people, through the freedom they enjoy, are able to create, start businesses, start organizations, solve problems. And what's also true then is, they're able to hold the government accountable, so when the government doesn't deliver for its people -- if it engages in corruption, if its policies only benefit a few rather than the many -- people can react and respond, and over time people get better policies from their governments. 而在民主制度下，我们能够做到的是——人们通过享有的自由，能够创造、创办企业、发起组织、解决问题。同样真实的是，他们能够追究政府的责任，所以当政府没有为人民服务时——如果它参与腐败，如果它的政策只让少数人受益而不是让多数人受益——人们可以做出反应和回应，随着时间的推移，人们会从他们的政府那里得到更好的政策。
And look at what's happened just along the coast here in Latin America. If you look at Chile, Peru, Colombia -- all of them are growing faster, all of them are doing better because of the new openness and democracy that exists in these countries. And what's true here is true around the world. 看看拉丁美洲沿海地区发生的变化。看看智利、秘鲁、哥伦比亚——所有这些国家都增长得更快，所有这些国家都发展得更好，因为这些国家存在新的开放和民主。这里的情况在全世界都是如此。
Now, the one thing I have to say though is, democracy is more than just elections. Democracy is also a free press. Democracy is also freedom of religion. Democracy is making sure that the rights of minorities are protected, not just the majority. Democracy is rule of law and an independent judiciary. So it's a matter of all these elements coming together. 不过我必须说的一点是，民主不仅仅是选举。民主也是新闻自由。民主也是宗教自由。民主是确保少数群体的权利得到保护，而不仅仅是多数人的权利。民主是法治和独立的司法机构。所以这是所有这些要素共同作用的结果。
But the main thing we've learned is that, in this knowledge-based society, you can maintain order for a while with repressive, nondemocratic governments, but it will rot from within. Over time, those governments fail and those economies fail -- because when they make mistakes, they try to hide them instead of trying to solve them. 但我们学到的最重要的一点是，在这个以知识为基础的社会中，你可以通过压制性的非民主政府维持一段时间的秩序，但它会从内部腐烂。随着时间的推移，那些政府会失败，那些经济体也会失败——因为当它们犯错误时，它们试图掩盖而不是试图解决。
When somebody has a legitimate criticism of a problem, it can be ignored because the politicians don't have to answer. And eventually, those societies end up doing much worse, oftentimes by increasing repression as people get more and more dissatisfied and then society breaks down. 当有人对一个问题提出合理的批评时，它可以被忽视，因为政客们不必回应。最终，这些社会的表现会差得多，往往是通过加强镇压，因为人们越来越不满，然后社会就崩溃了。
It's also true, by the way, that nondemocratic countries are much more likely to get into wars with other nondemocratic countries. Democracies tend to try to solve problems through diplomacy and dialogue. So not only is there not a contradiction between democracy and development, it is my belief that in order, in this new knowledge-based economy, for development to be successful, you need democracy. 顺便说一句，非民主国家也更有可能与其他非民主国家发生战争。民主国家倾向于通过外交和对话来解决问题。所以民主与发展之间不仅没有矛盾，我还相信，在这个新的知识经济中，为了让发展取得成功，你需要民主。
I will say this one last thing, though. Democracy can be frustrating, because democracy means that you don't always get 100 percent of what you want. Democracy means that sometimes you have to compromise. And it means that the outcomes of elections don't always turn out the way you would hope. 不过我最后还要说一点：民主可能令人沮丧，因为民主意味着你并不总是能得到你百分之百想要的东西。民主意味着有时候你必须妥协。这意味着选举的结果并不总是如你所愿。
And then you -- we're going through that in the United States, and I'm doing everything I can to help facilitate a successful transition with the President-elect in the United States. But as long as we keep our democratic systems open, then the society has a chance to try something new, and then it can make a decision and correct problems that they see in the future, and progress will continue. 我们在美国正在经历这一点，我正在尽我所能帮助与美国当选总统实现顺利交接。但只要我们保持民主制度的开放，那么社会就有机会尝试新事物，然后它可以做出决定并纠正他们未来看到的问题，进步就会继续。
Good. All right. Let's see -- right there. Yeah, you. So let's get a microphone to you so we can hear you. And introduce yourself. By the way, I apologize, my Spanish is just okay. So we're doing this in English, but hopefully I'm being clear. Go ahead. 很好。好的。让我们看看——就在那里。是的，你。把麦克风递给你，这样我们就能听到你说话了。介绍一下你自己。顺便说一下，我很抱歉，我的西班牙语还行。所以我们用英语进行，但希望我表达清楚了。请说吧。
Question: Hi, Mr. President. I'm very glad to be here -- that you are here in my country, in Peru. And for me, it's an honor to be here in this conference. Well, my question is, what do you think about the European Union has come together to promote military integration in defense that -- after the victory of Trump? And do you think we have global paranoia created by the media, or it's real? 提问者：您好，总统先生。我很高兴您能来到这里——您能来到我的国家，秘鲁。对我来说，能参加这次会议是一种荣幸。我的问题是，您如何看待欧盟在特朗普获胜后共同推动军事一体化和防务？您认为我们存在由媒体制造的全球恐慌，还是说这是真实的？
President Obama: Good. What's your name? 奥巴马总统：好的。你叫什么名字？
Question: Jocelyn Ramirez [ph]. 提问者：乔斯林·拉米雷斯。
President Obama: Nice to meet you. Are you a student here? 奥巴马总统：很高兴认识你。你是这里的学生吗？
Question: I'm a student from UPC. 提问者：我是秘鲁应用科学大学的学生。
President Obama: Fantastic. Okay. You have some classmates here. Well, the United States is such a big country that, after any election, people are uncertain. And I think it will be important for everybody around the world to not make immediate judgments but give this new President-elect a chance to put their team together, to examine the issues, to determine what their policies will be -- because as I've always said, how you campaign isn't always the same as how you govern. 奥巴马总统：太棒了。好的。你有一些同学在这里。嗯，美国是一个如此大的国家，每次选举后，人们都会感到不确定。我认为世界各地的每个人都重要的是不要立即做出判断，而是给这位新当选总统一次机会，让他组建团队，研究问题，确定他们的政策将是什么——因为正如我一直说的，竞选方式并不总是与执政方式相同。
Sometimes when you're campaigning, you're trying to stir up passions. When you govern, you actually have reality in front of you, and you have to figure out how do I make this work. 有时候当你竞选时，你试图激发人们的热情。当你执政时，你实际上面对的是现实，你必须弄清楚如何让它运作起来。
The alliance between the United States and Europe, through NATO, is very strong. And the President-elect Trump has already reaffirmed our commitment to NATO. We actually have been asking, under my administration, for Europe to carry more of the burden of defense spending than they've been doing, because the United States spends a lot more than some of our NATO partners. And they recognize and acknowledge, I think, the need for them to spend more time -- more resources on that. 美国和欧洲通过北约建立的联盟非常牢固。当选总统特朗普已经重申了我们对北约的承诺。实际上，在我政府的领导下，我们一直在要求欧洲承担比以往更多的防务开支负担，因为美国的开支比我们的一些北约伙伴多得多。我认为他们认识到并承认需要在这方面投入更多的时间——更多的资源。
With respect to Latin America, I don't anticipate major changes in policy from the new administration. I think the work that we've done has been successful in establishing the strongest relationships between the United States and Latin America in modern history. The friendships that we've established with countries like Peru, the reopening of diplomatic relations with Cuba, the investments we're making in trade, in environmental policy, and so forth -- all those things I expect to continue. 关于拉丁美洲，我预计新政府的政策不会有重大变化。我认为我们所做的工作成功地建立了美国与拉丁美洲之间现代史上最牢固的关系。我们与秘鲁等国家建立的友谊，与古巴恢复外交关系，我们在贸易、环境政策等方面的投资——所有这些事情我预计都会继续下去。
There are going to be tensions that arise, probably around trade more than anything else, because the President-elect campaigned on looking at every trade policy and potentially reversing some of those policies. But once they look at how it's working, I think they'll determine that it's actually good both for the United States and our trading partners. There may need to be modifications. 可能会出现紧张局势，可能更多是围绕贸易问题，因为当选总统的竞选纲领是审视每一项贸易政策，并有可能推翻其中一些政策。但一旦他们看到实际运作情况，我认为他们会认定这实际上对美国和我们的贸易伙伴都有好处。可能需要做一些调整。
I've called for modifications in certain elements of our trading policy. When we established the U.S.-Peru Free Trade Agreement, one of the requirements was for Peru to strengthen its protection of labor rights, workers' rights. And we did that in part because, with all of our trading partners we don't want to be disadvantaged because we're dealing with labor that has no rights, and so it gets the lowest wages and can be exploited. But we did it also because that will help lift the wages and benefits and protections that workers here in Peru enjoy, because ultimately that's good for everybody. 我曾呼吁对我们贸易政策的某些方面进行调整。当我们制定美秘自由贸易协定时，其中一项要求是秘鲁加强对劳工权利、工人权利的保护。我们这样做部分是因为，对于我们所有的贸易伙伴，我们不希望因为我们与没有权利的劳工打交道而处于不利地位，这样他们的工资最低，可以被剥削。但我们这样做也是因为这将有助于提高秘鲁工人享有的工资、福利和保护，因为最终这对每个人都有好处。
One of the things that I really believe is that when you pay workers well, when ordinary people are getting a decent wage and decent benefits and decent protections, then they have more money in their pockets, and then they go out and they spend that money, which is good for business, and everybody is better off. So that's the kind of attitude that we want to try to promote in the years going forward. And my hope is, is that that policy will continue. 我真正相信的一件事是，当你给工人优厚的报酬时，当普通人得到体面的工资、体面的福利和体面的保护时，他们的口袋里就会有更多的钱，然后他们出去消费，这对企业有好处，每个人都会过得更好。所以这就是我们希望在未来几年努力推广的态度。我希望，这项政策能够继续下去。
So my message to you, though, and the message I delivered in Europe is, don't just assume the worst. Wait until the administration is in place, it's actually putting its policies together, and then you can make your judgments as to whether or not it's consistent with the international community's interest in living in peace and prosperity together. 不过，我要告诉你们的信息，也是我在欧洲传达的信息是：不要只往最坏的方面想。等到政府就位，真正制定出政策之后，你们再判断它是否符合国际社会共同生活在和平与繁荣中的利益。
Okay. Good. All right. Okay, so what I'm doing is I'm going boy, girl, boy, girl, so that everybody gets a fair chance. Okay, this gentleman right here, in the purple shirt. 好的。很好。好的，接下来我要男、女、男、女这样轮流来，这样每个人都有公平的机会。好的，这位穿紫色衬衫的先生。
Question: Thank you very much. First of all, I just want to say thank you for being such a great world leader over your tenure. I truly think that you've done your best in making the world a better place. 提问者：非常感谢。首先，我只想说，感谢您在任期内成为如此伟大的世界领袖。我真心认为您已经尽了最大努力让世界变得更美好。
President Obama: I appreciate that. 奥巴马总统：我很感激。
Question: My name is Lubi Jorges [ph]. 提问者：我叫卢比·豪尔赫斯。
President Obama: Where you are from, Lubi? 奥巴马总统：你来自哪里，卢比？
Question: I'm from the Bahamas. 提问者：我来自巴哈马。
President Obama: Hey. 奥巴马总统：嘿。
Question: I'm the son of two Haitian immigrants living in the Bahamas. And I'm a human rights activist and also a radio talk show host. I filter my advocacy work through radio, because it's a great form of communication in getting everybody involved. 提问者：我是住在巴哈马的两名海地移民的儿子。我是一名人权活动家，也是一名电台谈话节目主持人。我通过广播开展我的倡导工作，因为这是让每个人都参与进来的一种很好的沟通方式。
Nonetheless, you spoke about youth and us shaping the future and the direction of the world, and what it's going to be in the very near future. But I'll give you a quick example of what I experienced and then a question that can apply to all of us here as young people. 不过，您谈到了青年以及我们将如何塑造未来和世界的方向，在不久的将来它会是什么样子。我给您举一个我亲身经历的例子，然后提出一个可以适用于我们在座所有年轻人的问题。
As a person being born to Haitian parents, immigrants, in the Bahamas, there is a certain perception on you not being a native. And governments have fed on that over time. And so the average individual that you would come into contact with, they would see you in a certain light. And so the opportunities to assist then, to help your country, then are diminished. 作为一个出生在巴哈马的海地移民父母的孩子，人们对你有某种看法，认为你不是本地人。而政府长期以来一直在利用这一点。所以你接触到的普通人，他们会以某种眼光看待你。因此，帮助你的国家的机会就减少了。
For example, I'm trying to bridge the gap between Haitians and Bahamians in the Bahamas, but government officials and other individuals, they would have said, well, you're fighting for Haitians to take over the Bahamas -- when it's not that. I just want Bahamians and Haitians to live in peace in the Bahamas. 例如，我正在努力弥合巴哈马的海地人和巴哈马人之间的差距，但政府官员和其他个人会说，你在为海地人夺取巴哈马而战——但事实并非如此。我只是希望巴哈马人和海地人能在巴哈马和平共处。
And so if you had the opportunity to have all of our prime ministers and presidents in one room, and you had one word of advice that you could have given those leaders in regards to young people, and especially millennials, what would you say to those leaders? 所以，如果您有机会让我们所有的总理和总统同在一个房间里，如果您可以给这些领导人关于年轻人、特别是千禧一代的一句忠告，您会对那些领导人说什么？
President Obama: Well, you know, I've had that opportunity a number of times. They don't always follow my advice. 奥巴马总统：嗯，你知道，我已经有过很多次这样的机会了。他们并不总是听我的建议。
But to your broader point -- look, we live in a world that is smaller than ever before. Because of the Internet, because of modern travel, your generation gets ideas and culture and your politics from everywhere, right? You are listening to everything from Rolling Stones, to Kendrick Lamar, to salsa, to reggaeton to right? 但对于你更广泛的观点——听着，我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更小的世界里。因为互联网，因为现代旅行，你们这一代人从各处获取思想、文化和政治，对吧？你们什么都听，从滚石乐队到肯德里克·拉马尔，到萨尔萨舞曲，到雷鬼顿，对吧？
So what is true in music, what's true in food is also true in terms of politics and ideas. And the great thing about young people is, is that that's made your identities both national but also international. So people here are Peruvian, but you're also people who care about what happens around this continent and around the world. It means that you can be both proud of your Haitian heritage and live in the Bahamas, and also be concerned about what happens in Africa, or what is happening in Myanmar. That's a good thing. 音乐中如此，食物中如此，政治和思想中也是如此。年轻人的伟大之处在于，这让你们的身份既是国家的，也是国际的。所以这里的人是秘鲁人，但你们也关心这个大陆和世界各地发生的事情。这意味着你既可以为你的海地传统感到自豪，也可以生活在巴哈马，还可以关心非洲或缅甸发生的事情。这是一件好事。
Now, I'll be honest with you, older people sometimes are more threatened than younger people by this convergence because -- you know, now that I've got gray hair, I see what happens as you get older -- you get set in your ways and you are afraid of things that are new. And oftentimes, politicians can feed into that sense that everything is changing so fast, let's go back to our old identities -- identities of race or tribe or nationality. 不过，老实跟你们说，老年人有时比年轻人更受到这种融合的威胁，因为——你看，现在我头发都白了，我看到了随着年龄增长会发生什么——你会固守自己的方式，你会害怕新事物。而政客们往往可以利用这种感觉，即一切变化得太快了，让我们回到我们旧的身份——种族、部落或国籍的身份。
And my main advice, not just to world leaders, but more importantly to citizens around the world is, if you're defining yourself just by what you're not, if you're defining yourself just by the color of your skin or where you were born, then you are not fully appreciating what will give you a strong identity and meaning in your life, and what will lead to prosperity and security for everyone. 我主要的建议不仅是给世界各国领导人，更重要的是给全世界的公民：如果你只是通过"你不是什么"来定义自己，如果你只是通过你的肤色或出生地来定义自己，那么你就没有充分认识到什么会给你强烈的身份认同和生活意义，什么会带来每个人的繁荣与安全。
And that is the values and ideals that we should all promote: That we respect everybody, regardless of what they look like. That we give everybody opportunity no matter where they were born, whether they were born poor or they were born rich. That we have laws that everybody has to observe, not just laws for one set of people and then a different set of laws for other people. 那就是我们都应该倡导的价值观和理想：我们尊重每一个人，不管他们长什么样。我们给每个人机会，无论他们出生在哪里，无论他们出生贫穷还是富有。我们有每个人都必须遵守的法律，而不是对一部分人一套法律，对另一部分人另一套法律。
Because the problem with that approach -- a very narrow way of thinking about yourself -- is that that means almost inevitably you have to be in conflict with somebody else. If the most important thing about you is that you are an American -- if that's the one thing that defines you -- then you may end up being threatened by people from other places, when in fact you may have a lot in common and you may miss opportunities. 因为这种方法的问题——一种非常狭隘的思考自己的方式——是它几乎不可避免地意味着你必须与其他人发生冲突。如果对你来说最重要的事情是你是美国人——如果这是定义你的唯一一件事——那么你最终可能会受到来自其他地方的人的威胁，而事实上你可能有很多共同点，你可能会错过机会。
Now, I'm a very proud American, and my job as President of the United States is to look out for American interests. But my argument to the American people has always been, the best way for us to look out for American interests is to also care about what's happening in our neighborhood. Because if their house is burning down, eventually my house will burn down. The best way for my daughters to be secure as Americans is to make sure that people in El Salvador or Guatemala are also feeling some security, because if they're not, then eventually that may spill over the borders to us. 现在，我是一个非常自豪的美国人，我作为美国总统的工作是维护美国的利益。但我一直对美国人民说的是，我们维护美国利益的最佳方式也是关心我们周边发生的事情。因为如果他们的房子着火了，最终我的房子也会着火。我的女儿们作为美国人获得安全的最佳方式，是确保萨尔瓦多或危地马拉的人民也感受到一些安全，因为如果他们没有安全感，那么最终可能会蔓延到我们的边境。
And some of the challenges that we face today are ones that no single group can solve. If you look at something like climate change -- that knows no borders. If there is pollution in China, it affects you here in Peru. If we are going to make sure that the oceans don't rise so that suddenly all of the streets around Lima are two feet underwater, then it's going to require everybody taking the kind of collective action that we talked about in the Paris Agreement. 我们今天面临的一些挑战是任何单一群体都无法解决的。看看气候变化这样的问题——它不分国界。如果中国有污染，它会影响到秘鲁这里。如果我们要确保海平面不会上升到利马周围的街道都被淹没两英尺的程度，那就需要所有人采取我们在《巴黎协定》中讨论过的那种集体行动。
So I think that we should all have the capacity, and governments should reflect this capacity, to be proud of our particular circumstance, be proud that you're Haitian, be proud that you're in the Bahamas, be proud that you're a young, black man. Be proud of your particular identity, but also see what you have in common with people who don't look like you or don't come from the same place as you do. 所以我认为我们都应该有能力，政府也应该反映这种能力，为我们的特定处境感到自豪，为你是海地人感到自豪，为你在巴哈马感到自豪，为你是一个年轻的黑人感到自豪。为你特定的身份感到自豪，但也要看到你与那些看起来不像你或不来自你同一个地方的人的共同之处。
Because if we see what we have in common, then we're going to be able to work together and that's going to be good for all of us. If all we see is differences, then we're automatically going to be in competition -- and in order for me to do well, that means I have to put you down, which then makes you want to put me down, and everybody stays down here instead of everybody lifting each other up. It's the most important thing we can do. 因为如果我们看到我们的共同之处，那么我们就能够共同努力，这对我们所有人都有好处。如果我们只看到差异，那么我们自然就会处于竞争之中——为了让我过得好，就意味着我必须打压你，这会让你也想打压我，结果每个人都停留在底层，而不是每个人都互相扶持。这是我们能做的最重要的事情。
All right, so it's a woman's turn. Okay, everybody is pointing at this young lady. All her friends were pointing at her, so she has something very important to say. 好的，现在轮到一位女士了。好的，每个人都指着这位年轻女士。她所有的朋友都指着她，所以她一定有非常重要的话要说。
Question: Welcome to Peru, Mr. President. 提问者：欢迎来到秘鲁，总统先生。
President Obama: Thank you. 奥巴马总统：谢谢你。
Question: My name is Sofia, and my friends and I are students at Laboratoria. I know you have met Mariana [inaudible]. Do you remember about Laboratoria? 提问者：我叫索菲娅，我和我的朋友们是Laboratoria的学生。我知道您见过玛丽安娜。您还记得Laboratoria吗？
President Obama: I'm sorry, what? I'm sorry. 奥巴马总统：对不起，什么？对不起。
Question: Do remember about Laboratoria? 提问者：您记得Laboratoria吗？
President Obama: Yes. 奥巴马总统：是的。
Question: With Mariana Costa? 提问者：和玛丽安娜·科斯塔一起的？
President Obama: Yes, yes. 奥巴马总统：是的，是的。
Question: Okay, I'm a student over there, me and my friends. We are so lucky to be studying over there to get a job in tech, but there are so many young people still without these type of opportunities. So what do you recommend to open more quality education or job opportunities for young people in Latin America? 提问者：好的，我是那里的学生，我和我的朋友们。我们很幸运能在那里学习，以便在科技行业找到工作，但仍有那么多年轻人没有这样的机会。所以您建议如何为拉丁美洲的年轻人开放更多的优质教育或就业机会？
President Obama: Well, the program you described is doing great work, and there's a lot of good work all across Latin America. One of the goals is to make sure that not only are we providing a great education for people at the youngest ages -- basic reading, arithmetic, all those things -- but today you also need to have some knowledge of technology. And what we're trying to do is to work with governments and NGOs to expand access to the Internet, to digital platforms. 奥巴马总统：嗯，你描述的项目做得非常好，整个拉丁美洲都有很多出色的工作。目标之一是确保我们不仅在最小的年龄段为人们提供良好的教育——基础阅读、算术，所有这些东西——而且今天你还需要具备一些技术知识。我们正在努力做的是与政府和非政府组织合作，扩大互联网接入和数字平台。
And what we also want to do then is to help design curriculum and programs through the Internet so that online learning is accessible in places where previously there might not be opportunities. 然后我们还想做的是通过互联网帮助设计课程和项目，这样在线学习就可以在以前可能没有机会的地方获得。
And we're seeing some of those investments here in Peru. That's part of the broader educational program that we have throughout Latin America. But we can still do more. And it's not just us, it's a public-private partnership also. So having Facebook participate, and Microsoft and Google and other big companies who have an interest in an educated population -- because the more educated and more wired they are, the more, over time, customers are using their products and their platforms. 我们在秘鲁这里看到了一些这样的投资。这是我们在整个拉丁美洲开展的更广泛教育计划的一部分。但我们还可以做得更多。这不只是我们的事，这也是公私合作伙伴关系的事。所以让脸书参与进来，让微软、谷歌和其他大公司参与进来，它们对受过教育的人口感兴趣——因为人们受教育程度越高、联网程度越高，随着时间的推移，使用它们产品和平台的客户就越多。
What we want to do is to make sure that everybody, even in the smallest village, has suddenly this library to the world and to the best educational opportunities, even if there's not a big university in that small town. And some of the learning that we can do, it doesn't have to be four years. Sometimes, a six-week program could teach people coding in computers, and suddenly right away that person has a job, and then they can learn more and ultimately go and get a four-year education. But oftentimes what you need is just that first step. 我们想要做的是确保每个人，即使在最小的村庄里，也能突然拥有通往世界和最佳教育机会的图书馆，即使那个小镇上没有一所大型大学。而我们可以做的一些学习，不一定是四年制的。有时候，一个六周的项目就可以教人们计算机编程，然后那个人马上就有了工作，然后他们可以学习更多，最终去接受四年制教育。但通常你需要的只是那第一步。
And we're doing this in the United States, by the way. It's not just in Latin America. In the United States, one of the things that we're finding is that we need to expand computer science and literacy in the schools. 顺便说一句，我们在美国也在这样做。这不只是在拉丁美洲。在美国，我们发现的一件事是，我们需要在学校里扩大计算机科学和读写能力的教育。
We need to make sure, also, that we set up technical training systems where somebody who's unemployed in a city where there used to be a big factory but now the factory is closed; or because of automation and robots, fewer people are working there; those people who have lost their jobs, they may not be able to afford to just go to a four-year university, give them six weeks, eight weeks, ten weeks of training. Get them in a job right now, and then over time they can learn even more. 我们还需要确保建立技术培训体系，让那些在城市里失业的人——那里曾经有一家大工厂但现在工厂关闭了；或者因为自动化和机器人，那里的工作岗位减少了；那些失去工作的人，他们可能负担不起直接去上四年制大学，给他们六周、八周、十周的培训。让他们马上找到工作，然后随着时间的推移，他们可以学到更多。
So, congratulations. You guys are doing good work. 所以，恭喜你们。你们做得很好。
All right. Okay, so this is a team effort now. It's good to see this cooperation. Everybody is pointing at one person. All right, this gentleman right here, right in the front. 好的。好的，现在这是一个团队协作了。很高兴看到这种合作。每个人都在指着同一个人。好的，这位先生，就在前面。
Question: Hello, Mr. President. I'm a student representative from this beautiful university with this gorgeous group of people. My name is Kai [ph]. And I'm going to give a little bit of context to my question. You see, the smartest man I know is my dad. My dad was born in Cuba. And when he was seven years old, he went to the United States to get an opportunity. He lived all of his university life there, from community college to doctorate, and he managed to do a lot of things because the USA had an open, honest towards him. 提问者：您好，总统先生。我是这所美丽大学的学生代表，和这群出色的人一起。我叫凯。我来给我的问题提供一点背景。您看，我认识的最聪明的人是我爸爸。我爸爸出生在古巴。他七岁的时候去了美国，寻找机会。他整个大学生活都在那里度过，从社区学院到博士学位，他设法做了很多事情，因为美国对他持开放、诚实的态度。
Today, many immigrants can bring innovation to the USA because it has still this open, honest policy. But the administration that is set to go after you is allegedly saying that it will have a closed door policy. In your opinion, what do you think that today the stand of the USA is for offshore innovators that want to leave their comfort zone to the USA, to go to Harvard, MIT, Yale, to find -- to strive? And what would be the damages of the USA closing their doors to these young innovators? 今天，许多移民可以为美国带来创新，因为美国仍然有这种开放、诚实的政策。但即将接任您的政府据称将采取关门政策。在您看来，对于那些想要离开舒适区去美国、去哈佛、麻省理工、耶鲁去——去奋斗的海外创新者，美国今天的立场是什么？如果美国对这些年轻创新者关闭大门，会有什么损害？
And a final remark, I hope you have two amazing last months of presidency. 最后一句话，我希望您最后两个月的总统任期过得精彩。
President Obama: Thank you. Thank you very much. Well, first of all, I know that your father is very proud that you said he's the smartest man you know. I hope that Malia and Sasha would say the same thing about their father -- I don't know. But I'm sure that made him feel good. 奥巴马总统：谢谢你。非常感谢。嗯，首先，我知道你爸爸听到你说他是你认识的最聪明的人，一定非常自豪。我希望玛丽亚和萨沙也会这样说她们的父亲——我不知道。但我相信这让他感觉很好。
Look, America is a nation of immigrants. Those of you who visited America, if you walk in an American city -- not just New York or Los Angeles, but St. Louis or Indianapolis or Columbus, Ohio -- if you walk down the street, you see people that look like they could be from anyplace. Because the fact is, is that except for the Native American populations, everybody in America came from someplace else. All of us are immigrants. And that's been our greatest strength, because we've been able to attract talent from everywhere. 听着，美国是一个移民国家。你们当中去过美国的人，如果你走在美国的城市里——不仅仅是纽约或洛杉矶，还有圣路易斯或印第安纳波利斯或俄亥俄州哥伦布市——如果你走在街上，你会看到看起来像是来自任何地方的人。因为事实是，除了美洲原住民人口之外，美国的每个人都来自别的地方。我们所有人都是移民。而这一直是我们最大的优势，因为我们能够吸引来自各地的人才。
I use this as an example: You notice that the United States did really well in the Olympics. Now, some of that is because we're a big country, we're a wealthy country, so we have all these training facilities and we can do all kinds of -- best equipment. All that is true. But you know what, China is a bigger country and spends a lot of money also. 我用这个作为例子：你注意到美国在奥运会上表现非常好。现在，部分原因是我们是一个大国，一个富裕的国家，所以我们有所有这些训练设施，我们可以做各种——最好的设备。所有这些都是事实。但你知道吗，中国是一个更大的国家，也花了很多钱。
The big advantage that America has, if you look at our team -- actually, two big advantages. First, we passed something called Title IX many years ago that requires that women get the same opportunities in sports as men do. And that's why -- one of the reasons the American teams did so well is the women were amazing, and just because they've gotten opportunities. Right? Which teaches us something about the need to make sure that women and men, boys and girls, get the same opportunities. Because you do better when everybody has a chance, not just some. 美国拥有的一大优势，如果你看看我们的团队——实际上是两大优势。首先，我们多年前通过了一项叫做《第九条》的法案，要求女性在体育方面获得与男性相同的机会。这就是为什么——美国队表现如此出色的原因之一是女性非常出色，仅仅因为她们获得了机会。对吧？这教会了我们一些关于确保女性和男性、男孩和女孩获得相同机会的必要性的东西。因为当每个人都有机会，而不是只有一些人有机会时，你会做得更好。
But the second thing -- you look at a U.S. Olympic team and there are all kinds of different sorts of people of all different shapes and sizes. And part of it is because we draw from a bigger genetic pool than anybody -- right? We have people who -- these little gymnasts, they're like this big. Simone Biles came by the White House. She's a tiny little thing. Amazing athlete. Then we have Michael Phelps, he's 6'8" and his shoulders are this big. And that's good for swimming. He couldn't do gymnastics, but he's a really good swimmer. 但第二件事——你看看美国奥运代表队，有各种不同类型的人，各种不同的体型和身材。部分原因是我们比任何人都从更大的基因库中汲取人才——对吧？我们有那些——这些小体操运动员，她们就这么大。西蒙·拜尔斯来过白宫。她个子小小的。惊人的运动员。然后我们有迈克尔·菲尔普斯，他身高6英尺8英寸，肩膀就这么宽。这对游泳很有好处。他不能做体操，但他是一个非常优秀的游泳运动员。
The point is, is that when you have all this talent from all these different places, then you actually, as a team, do better. And that's been the great gift of America. 关键是，当你拥有来自所有这些不同地方的所有这些人才时，那么作为一个团队，你实际上会做得更好。而这一直是美国的伟大天赋。
Now, what we have to do not just in the United States, but in all countries, is to find a way to have a open, smart immigration policy, but it has to be orderly and lawful. And I think that part of what's happened in the United States is that even though the amount of illegal immigration that is happening has actually gone down while I've been President, the perception is that it has just gone up. 现在，我们不仅在美国，而且在所有国家都必须做的是，找到一种方法来拥有一个开放、明智的移民政策，但它必须是有序和合法的。我认为在美国发生的部分情况是，尽管在我担任总统期间，实际发生的非法移民数量实际上有所下降，但人们的感觉是它一直在上升。
Partly this is because it used to be that immigrants primarily stayed in Texas and Arizona and New Mexico, border countries, or in Florida. And now they're moving into parts of the country that aren't used to seeing immigrants, and it makes people concerned -- who are these people, and are they taking our jobs and are they taking opportunity, and so forth. 部分原因是，过去移民主要留在德克萨斯州、亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州这些边境州，或者佛罗里达州。而现在他们正在搬到那些不习惯看到移民的地区，这让人们感到担忧——这些人是谁，他们是不是在抢我们的工作，是不是在抢机会，等等。
So my argument has been that no country can have completely open borders, because if they did, then nationality and citizenship wouldn't mean anything. And obviously if we had completely open borders, then you would have tens of millions of people who would suddenly be coming into the United States -- which, by the way, wouldn't necessarily be good for the countries where they leave, because in some places like in Africa, you have doctors and nurses and scientists and engineers who all try to leave, and then you have a brain drain and they're not developing their own countries. 所以我的论点是，没有哪个国家可以拥有完全开放的边界，因为如果那样的话，国籍和公民身份就没有意义了。显然，如果我们有完全开放的边界，那么你会有数千万人突然涌入美国——顺便说一句，这对他们离开的国家来说不一定是好事，因为在非洲等地，医生、护士、科学家和工程师都试图离开，然后你就会出现人才流失，他们就无法发展自己的国家了。
So you have to have some rules, but my hope is, is that those rules are set up in a way that continues to invite talented young people to come in and contribute, and to make a good life for themselves. What we also, though, have to do is to invest in countries that are sending migrants so that they can develop themselves. 所以你必须有一些规则，但我的希望是，这些规则的设立方式能够继续邀请有才华的年轻人进来并做出贡献，为自己创造美好的生活。不过，我们还必须做的是，投资于那些输出移民的国家，让它们能够自己发展。
So you mentioned Cuba, for example, where your father fled. He left in part because they didn't feel that there was enough opportunity there. Part of the reason I said let's reopen our diplomatic relations with Cuba is to see if you can start encouraging greater opportunity and freedom in Cuba. Because if you have people who have been able to leave Cuba and do really well in the United States, that means they have enough talent that they should be able to do really well by staying at home in Cuba. 比如你提到古巴，你父亲就是从那里逃出来的。他离开的部分原因是他们觉得那里没有足够的机会。我说让我们重新开放与古巴外交关系的部分原因，就是看看你是否可以开始鼓励古巴有更多的机会和自由。因为如果有人能够离开古巴并在美国做得非常好，那就意味着他们有足够的才能，他们留在古巴国内也应该能够做得非常好。
There are enormously talented people here in Peru. I don't want all the young people in Peru to suddenly all go -- I don't want you to feel as if you have to go to New York in order to be successful. You should be able to be successful right here in Lima, right? 秘鲁这里有非常有才华的人。我不希望秘鲁所有的年轻人都突然全部离开——我不希望你们觉得你们必须去纽约才能成功。你们应该能够就在利马这里取得成功，对吧？
So this is true in the Americas, it's true in Europe, where obviously they've been flooded -- and it's been very controversial -- with migrants, some of them displaced from war in Syria, but some of them just coming for economic reasons from Africa. 美洲是这样，欧洲也是这样，在那里显然他们已经被淹没了——而且一直非常有争议——移民，其中一些是因叙利亚战争而流离失所的人，但其中一些只是从非洲来寻求经济原因的人。
I just left meetings with European leaders, and we discussed the fact that if we're investing more in development in those African countries, and encouraging greater rule of law and less corruption and more opportunity in those countries, then people are less likely to want to come to Germany or Italy for their futures because they feel that they can make a future where they are. 我刚刚结束了与欧洲领导人的会议，我们讨论了这样一个事实：如果我们更多地投资于那些非洲国家的发展，鼓励那些国家加强法治、减少腐败、增加机会，那么人们就不太可能想要去德国或意大利寻找未来，因为他们觉得他们可以在自己所在的地方创造未来。
But this is an example of what I was saying earlier. If we think only about, in very narrow terms, about our borders and what's good for us, and ignore what's happening everywhere else, eventually it will have an impact on us whether we like it or not. Because the world is just much smaller than it used to be. 但这就是我之前所说的一个例子。如果我们只是从非常狭隘的角度来思考，只考虑我们的边界和对我们有利的事情，而忽视其他地方发生的事情，最终它会对我们产生影响，不管我们喜不喜欢。因为世界比以前小多了。
Okay. Let's see, we got -- all right, young lady right there. Go ahead, in the black. Yes, you. 好的。让我们看看，我们有——好的，那位年轻女士，就在那里。说吧，穿黑色衣服的那位。是的，你。
Question: Oh, my God, thank you for this amazing opportunity. More than a question -- well, I have to introduce myself first, sorry. I'm Jennifer Schell, and I'm from Venezuela. We already talked a little about my country, but I just want to thank you for giving us the women's opportunity to make us feel empowered. 提问者：哦，天哪，感谢这个了不起的机会。这不只是一个问题——嗯，我得先自我介绍一下，抱歉。我是詹妮弗·谢尔，我来自委内瑞拉。我们已经谈了一些关于我的国家的事情，但我只想感谢您给我们女性机会，让我们感到被赋予了力量。
I'm the CEO and founder of the TrabajaMama, a social initiative that promotes values for mothers around the world. I'm a mother. I have a daughter, and it's a little bit hard to become an entrepreneur. And I know that you have been supporting woman empowerment. You support a candidate who was a woman, Hillary. You are supported by your wife, Michelle. And what is -- 我是TrabajaMama的首席执行官和创始人，这是一项在全球范围内为母亲推广价值观的社会倡议。我是一位母亲。我有一个女儿，成为一名企业家有点难。我知道您一直支持女性赋权。您支持过一位女性候选人，希拉里。您也得到了您妻子米歇尔的支持。那么——
President Obama: Michelle is amazing. 奥巴马总统：米歇尔太棒了。
Question: I'm sure, I'm sure. I'm sure of that. So I know how you have been telling a lot of advice for young leaders. What I want -- special advice for female entrepreneurs, for those who have to strive a little bit more, for those who are mothers who have to split their self, and ask herself, should I be a mother or should I be a professional. I truly believe that we can be both at the same time, but I would like to hear it from you -- an advice for all the women, potential women that are going to become a mother, will have our future generations. 提问者：我相信，我相信。我当然相信。所以我知道您给年轻领导人提了很多建议。我想要的是——给女性企业家的特别建议，给那些必须更加努力奋斗的人，给那些必须分裂自己的母亲们，她们问自己，我应该做母亲还是应该做职业女性。我真心相信我们可以同时拥有两者，但我想亲耳听您说——给所有女性的一条建议，那些即将成为母亲、将孕育我们未来世代的潜在女性。
And on behalf of all my YLAI fellows, thank you for this amazing opportunity. And all the fellows that are looking -- there are more fellows looking right now from their countries because they couldn't come to Peru, so thank you for all the fellows that are watching right us now. 我谨代表所有YLAI研究员，感谢这个了不起的机会。还有所有正在观看的研究员——有更多的研究员正在从他们的国家观看，因为他们不能来秘鲁，所以感谢所有现在正在观看我们的研究员。
President Obama: Okay. Well, it's a great question. 奥巴马总统：好的。嗯，这是个很好的问题。
I mean, Michelle probably would have more to say about this because, you know, she's gone through it as a professional woman. But let me offer just a few observations. 我的意思是，米歇尔可能对此有更多话要说，因为，你知道，她作为一名职业女性经历过这一切。但让我提供一些观察。
First of all, the leaders and the men in every country need to understand that the countries that are most successful are going to be the countries that give opportunities to girls and women, and not just boys and men. 首先，每个国家的领导人和男性都需要明白，最成功的国家将是那些给予女孩和妇女机会的国家，而不仅仅是男孩和男人。
And if you look at which countries are doing best -- most advanced, grow the fastest -- it's partly because you can't have half the population uneducated, not working, out of the house, not in leadership positions, and expect to be as good as a country where 100 percent of the people are getting a good education, and having opportunities, and can do amazing things -- starting a business or entering into politics or what have you. 如果你看看哪些国家表现最好——最先进、增长最快——部分原因是你不能让一半的人口没有受过教育、不工作、待在家里、不担任领导职位，却期望能和一个百分之百的人都接受良好教育、拥有机会、能够做了不起的事情——创办企业或从政或诸如此类的国家一样好。
So this is not just a problem for girls and women; men have to also recognize, this is good for you. And if you're a strong man, you shouldn't be threatened that women are doing well. You should be proud that women are doing well. And families where women have opportunity, that means they're going to be able to bring in more income, which means the family as a whole is going to do better. 所以这不只是女孩和女性的问题；男性也必须认识到，这对你们有好处。如果你是一个强壮的男人，你不应该因为女性做得好而感到威胁。你应该为女性做得好而感到自豪。在女性有机会的家庭中，这意味着她们将能够带来更多收入，这意味着整个家庭都会过得更好。
And let's be honest, sometimes, you know, that whole machismo attitude sometimes makes it harder for women to succeed, and sometimes that is coming even from those who love them. So, men, those of you who end up being fathers and you've got daughters, you've got to lift up your daughters. Just telling them they're pretty is not enough. You've got to tell them they're smart, and you got to tell them they're ambitious, and you have to give them opportunity. 老实说，有时候，那种大男子主义的态度有时会让女性更难成功，而且有时候这种态度甚至来自那些爱她们的人。所以，男人们，你们当中那些将来会成为父亲、有女儿的人，你们必须扶持你们的女儿。只告诉她们她们很漂亮是不够的。你得告诉她们她们很聪明，你得告诉她们她们有雄心壮志，你必须给她们机会。
So once you have the whole country thinking in those terms, then you need to start having policies that can support women, and the most important thing, in addition to making sure that girls from an early age are getting a good education and that they're not being told, oh, you can just do certain things -- like engineering, that's a man's job, or being scientist, that a man's job. 所以一旦整个国家都这样想了，那么你就需要开始制定能够支持女性的政策，最重要的是，除了确保女孩从小就接受良好教育，并且不会被告知，哦，你只能做某些事情——比如工程，那是男人的工作，或者当科学家，那是男人的工作。
No, no -- girls can do everything. It can't just be, you know, be a teacher -- which is a wonderful profession, but, traditionally, women sometimes are just told there are a few things they can do -- nurse, teacher -- as opposed to anything. Right? 不，不——女孩可以做任何事。不能只是，你知道，当老师——这是一个很棒的职业，但传统上，女性有时只被告知她们可以做几件事——护士、老师——而不是任何事情。对吧？
So that starts -- once you've done that, then you have to recognize that the big conflicts that women have in the professional world has to do with family and childrearing. And for biological reasons, women have more of a burden than men do. But it's not just biology, it's also sociology, all right? Men's attitudes is, well, yeah, I don't have to do as much. And even in my marriage with Michelle, I like to think of myself as a modern, enlightened man, but I'll admit it -- Michelle did more work than I did with Sasha and Malia. 所以这是起点——一旦你做到了这一点，那么你必须认识到，女性在职业世界中面临的最大冲突与家庭和育儿有关。由于生理原因，女性比男性承担更多的负担。但这不只是生理原因，也是社会原因，明白吗？男人的态度是，嗯，是的，我不用做那么多。即使在我和米歇尔的婚姻中，我也愿意认为自己是一个现代、开明的男人，但我得承认——在萨莎和玛丽亚的事情上，米歇尔比我做的工作更多。
So part of what societies can do, though, is they can help with, for example, having smart policies for childcare. One of the hardest things for professional women, particularly when their children are still small and not yet in school, is who's going to take care of my baby when I'm working, and how do I make sure that they're safe and that they're trusted. So making sure that governments have policies in place that help. 不过，社会可以做的部分事情是，它们可以帮助制定，例如，明智的儿童保育政策。对于职业女性来说，最困难的事情之一，尤其是当她们的孩子还小、还没上学的时候，就是我工作的时候谁来照顾我的宝宝，我如何确保他们安全、值得信赖。所以确保政府制定有帮助的政策。
Now, having a mother-in-law who helps, that's also very useful. But not everybody has the option where they have family members who are close by. So that's an example of something that we have to really work on. 当然，有一个帮忙的婆婆也非常有用。但不是每个人都有家人在身边的选择。所以这是我们必须真正努力的一个例子。
Then we have to put pressure on institutions to treat women equally when it comes to getting loans to start a business. Up until just maybe 20 years ago, in some places -- in the United States even -- a husband had to sign a loan document with a bank, even though it was the wife's business, even if the woman was the one making the money, it was her idea, it was her investment, she was doing all the work. Because of these old stereotypes, you're having men co-sign. That kind of mentality, that kind of discrimination still exists in a lot of institutions. 然后我们必须向机构施压，要求它们在获得创业贷款方面平等对待女性。就在大约20年前，在某些地方——甚至在美国——丈夫必须和银行一起签署贷款文件，尽管那是妻子的企业，即使女人是赚钱的那个人，那是她的想法，是她的投资，她做了所有的工作。因为这些旧的刻板印象，你得让男人共同签名。那种心态，那种歧视，在很多机构中仍然存在。
So we have to push back against those, we have to fight against those. Women who are successful, you have to then fight for the younger women who are coming behind you, and make sure that you are changing some of these attitudes. If you are high up in a bank, then you got to make sure that these policies are good for women. If you succeed in politics, then you have to help promote and encourage women who are coming behind you. 所以我们必须抵制这些，我们必须与之抗争。成功的女性，你们必须为你们身后的年轻女性奋斗，确保你们正在改变其中一些态度。如果你在银行身居高位，那么你必须确保这些政策对女性有利。如果你在政治上取得成功，那么你必须帮助促进和鼓励你身后的女性。
So the last thing I guess I would say would be -- I know that Michelle says this to our daughters: You can be a wonderful mom and have a wonderful family and have a really successful career. You may have to kind of not try to do everything all at the same time exactly. You may have to time things out a little bit and have a husband who supports taking turns a little bit. 所以我想我最后要说的是——我知道米歇尔对我们的女儿们说过：你可以成为一位出色的母亲，拥有一个美好的家庭，同时拥有一份非常成功的事业。你可能不必试图在同一时间把所有事情都做得完美。你可能需要稍微安排一下时间，并且有一个支持你、愿意轮流承担的丈夫。
So it may be that when the child is very young, you're not doing something that is as hard, because having a really young child is already really hard, and you have to sleep sometimes. But then as the child gets older, maybe that's when you are doing something -- maybe your husband is doing something that gives him more time to support that child. So there's going to have to be finding the right balance throughout your life in order to be successful. 所以可能当孩子很小的时候，你不会做那么困难的事情，因为有一个很小的孩子已经够难了，你有时候还得睡觉。但随着孩子长大，也许那就是你做些什么的时候——也许你丈夫在做一些能给他更多时间来照顾孩子的事情。所以为了成功，你必须在你的一生中找到正确的平衡。
But congratulations on the good work you're doing. 但恭喜你所做的出色工作。
All right, I've got time for -- so I only have time for two more questions. I'll call on that gentleman up there with the glasses, in the blue shirt. No, no, right here. Let him ask his question, and then I'll ask the last one. Go ahead. 好的，我还有时间——所以我只有时间再回答两个问题了。我要叫那边那个戴眼镜、穿蓝色衬衫的先生。不，不，就在这里。让他问他的问题，然后我再回答最后一个。请说吧。
Question: Hello, Mr. President. 提问者：您好，总统先生。
President Obama: Hello! 奥巴马总统：你好！
Question: It's really an honor to ask you this question. Well, my name is Alonso Cornejo [ph]. I'm studying marketing at Universidad San Ignacio Loyola. And my question is about what advice will you give to Peruvian students that they are starting to think different, to making a change not just in Peru, [but] worldwide -- make a change about worldwide. What advice will you give? 提问者：能问您这个问题真的很荣幸。嗯，我叫阿隆索·科内霍。我在圣伊格纳西奥·德·洛约拉大学学习市场营销。我的问题是，您会给那些开始有不同想法、开始不仅在秘鲁做出改变、而且在全世界做出改变的秘鲁学生什么建议？您会给什么建议？
Right now we live in a world that maybe the bad is good, and the good is bad. So what advice will you give them to chase their dreams, make the country better -- not Peru, just worldwide? That will be my question. Thank you. 现在我们生活在一个也许坏的就是好的、好的就是坏的世界里。那么您会给他们什么建议去追逐梦想，让国家变得更好——不只是秘鲁，而是全世界？这就是我的问题。谢谢。
President Obama: Well, look, you're already doing so well. I don't know that I can give you the perfect advice. But I'll tell you what I tell my young people who work in the White House and who I meet in the United States, because I think what's true in the United States is true for you, as well. 奥巴马总统：嗯，听着，你们已经做得很好了。我不知道我能不能给你完美的建议。但我会告诉你我告诉在白宫工作的年轻人和我在美国遇到的年轻人的话，因为我认为在美国是真的，对你们来说也是真的。
We live at a time where you're always seeing bad news. Everybody -- bad news gets a lot of attention. But the truth is that, in some many ways, the world is better now than it was 20 years ago or 40 years ago, or 100 years ago. People are healthier today, they're wealthier today, they're better educated today. The world, if you look overall, is less violent than it was. 我们生活在一个你总是看到坏消息的时代。每个人——坏消息会获得很多关注。但事实是，在很多方面，现在的世界比20年前、40年前或100年前都要好。今天的人们更健康，更富有，受教育程度更高。总的来看，世界比以前更少暴力了。
Look at the 20th century -- millions of people dying everywhere. Look at Latin America and the wars that were taking place everywhere across the continent. And so you actually are living in a time of relative peace and historic prosperity. 看看20世纪——数百万人在各地死去。看看拉丁美洲，看看整个大陆上曾经到处发生的战争。所以你们实际上生活在一个相对和平和历史繁荣的时代。
And I say that so that you should feel optimistic about the future. You shouldn't feel pessimistic. Yeah, you're always seeing bad news, but the truth is the world is in a place where it can solve its problems and be even better 20 years from now or 50 years from now. 我这么说是为了让你们对未来感到乐观。你们不应该感到悲观。是的，你总是看到坏消息，但事实是，世界正处于能够解决其问题的阶段，20年后或50年后会变得更好。
You have to start with that hope, that sense of optimism inside you, because if you don't feel that way, then you don't bother to try to have an impact because you think, ah, every politician is corrupt and all the governments are terrible, and people are greedy and people are mean, and so I'm just going to look out for myself. And then nothing gets better. 你必须从内心的希望、那种乐观感开始，因为如果你不这样想，那么你就不会费心去尝试产生影响，因为你会想，啊，每个政客都腐败，所有政府都糟糕，人们贪婪，人们刻薄，所以我只顾自己就行了。然后什么都不会变好。
So you have to start knowing that things have gotten better and can continue to get better. That's number one. 所以你必须从知道事情已经变得更好并且可以继续变得更好开始。这是第一点。
Number two, I always tell young people to -- and I don't know if this translates well in Spanish -- but I say: Worry more about what you want to do, and not what you want to be. Now, here is what I mean. I think a lot of people, they say to themselves, "I want to be rich," or they say to themselves, "I want to be powerful." Or they say, "I want to be the President," or "I want to be a CEO," so they -- or "I want to be a rap star." 第二点，我总是告诉年轻人——我不知道这用西班牙语翻译得好不好——但我说：多担心你想做什么，而不是你想成为什么。现在，我的意思是这样的。我想很多人会对自己说，"我想变得富有"，或者他们对自己说，"我想变得有权势。" 或者他们说，"我想当总统"，或者"我想当首席执行官"，所以他们——或者"我想当说唱明星。"
So they say they have this idea, but the people I know who are most successful, usually they're successful because they found something that they really care about, and they worked at it and became really good at it. And over time, because they were so good at what they did, they ended up being rich, or they ended up being powerful and influential. But in the meantime, they were constantly doing what they enjoyed doing and learning, and that's what made them successful. 所以他们说他们有这样的想法，但我认识的最成功的人，通常他们成功是因为他们找到了自己真正关心的事情，他们为此努力并变得非常擅长。随着时间的推移，因为他们对自己所做的事情如此擅长，他们最终变得富有，或者他们最终变得有权势和有影响力。但在此期间，他们一直在做自己喜欢做的事情并学习，这就是让他们成功的原因。
So what I would say to all of you is, find something you care deeply about. If you care about poor children, then find a way right now that you can start helping some poor children. Don't wait, saying to yourself, oh, someday, when I'm President of Peru I'm going to help poor children. No, go now and find an organization or create an organization that is helping poor kids learn or be exposed to new experiences. 所以我想对你们所有人说的是，找到你深切关心的事情。如果你关心贫困儿童，那么现在就找到一种方法，开始帮助一些贫困儿童。不要等着对自己说，哦，有一天，当我成为秘鲁总统时，我会帮助贫困儿童。不，现在就去，找到一个组织或创建一个组织，帮助贫困儿童学习或接触新的体验。
If you care about the environment, don't wait. In addition to your studies, you could start having an impact right now on trying to improve your local community, or trying to be involved in some of the work that's being done around things like climate change. 如果你关心环境，不要等。除了你的学业之外，你现在就可以开始产生影响，努力改善你当地的社区，或者尝试参与一些正在进行的关于气候变化等问题的工作。
The point is that once you decide what it is that you really care about, there are ways for you to now get involved and pursue that passion. And if you pursue that passion and you get good at it, you're not going to change the world overnight -- nobody does. 关键是，一旦你决定了你真正关心的是什么，现在就有办法让你参与并追求那种热情。如果你追求那种热情并且变得擅长它，你不会一夜之间改变世界——没有人能做到。
I mean, I eventually, at the age of 45, became a senator and then the President of the United States, but I worked for 25 years in poor communities, and worked on issues. And hopefully I was doing some good, even before I was famous or powerful, so that if I hadn't ended up being President I could still look back and say, I worked on the things that I cared about and I got something done that was important. And that, I think, is the most important advice that I have for you. 我的意思是，我最终在45岁时成为参议员，然后成为美国总统，但我在贫困社区工作了25年，致力于各种问题。希望我在出名或有权势之前就已经做了一些好事，所以即使我最终没有成为总统，我仍然可以回顾过去说，我致力于我关心的事情，并且完成了一些重要的事情。我认为，这是我能给你的最重要的建议。
All right, last question. It's a woman's turn. So all the men, you can put your -- all the boys can put their hands down. It's a woman's turn. 好的，最后一个问题。该轮到一位女士了。所以所有的男士们，你们可以放下——所有的男孩们都可以把手放下了。该轮到一位女士了。
Okay, go ahead, right there. 好的，说吧，就在那里。
Question: Okay, first of all, my name is Melisa. I represent Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Besides, I'm a proud member of UPC [inaudible]. And once again, I want to welcome you to this amazing country. And on behalf of this whole audience, I would like to thank you for this amazing opportunity. 提问者：好的，首先，我叫梅利莎。我代表秘鲁应用科学大学。另外，我是UPC的自豪成员。我再次欢迎您来到这个神奇的国家。我谨代表全体观众，感谢您给我们这个了不起的机会。
Okay, so my question is the following. As it is well known, during your presidency you have stepped up and accepted mistakes you made yourself or maybe the team you're leading. And that's -- I believe that shows how you reaffirm your belief in introspection and how you want to leave the past behind. What would your advice to us entrepreneurs, most of us, that would like to leave the mistakes -- learn from them, step up, and leave what's the past in the past? Thank you, President. 好的，我的问题是这样的。众所周知，在您的总统任期内，您站出来承认了您自己或者您领导的团队所犯的错误。我认为这表明了您如何重申您对自省的信念，以及您如何想要放下过去。对于我们这些企业家，我们大多数人都想要放下错误——从中吸取教训，站出来，把过去的事情留在过去——您会给我们什么建议？谢谢您，总统先生。
President Obama: Well, you know, I don't -- you shouldn't ignore the past. You should learn from it. And you should learn from history, and learn from experience. 奥巴马总统：嗯，你知道，我不认为——你不应该忽视过去。你应该从中学习。你应该从历史中学习，从经验中学习。
The truth is that I was -- right before I came to Peru, I was in Europe, and I started my trip in Athens. And I went to the Parthenon, the birthplace of democracy. And you look at all these buildings from ancient Greece, and you try to imagine all the things that were happening in that time, and it seems very long ago. But the fact of the matter is, is that humanity keeps on making the same mistakes, and we oftentimes find ourselves dealing with the same problems and the same issues. So studying our past, studying our history, is very, very important. 事实是，在我来秘鲁之前，我在欧洲，我的行程从雅典开始。我去了帕特农神庙，民主的诞生地。你看看所有这些古希腊的建筑，你试着想象那个时代发生的所有事情，那似乎是很久以前的事了。但事实是，人类一直在犯同样的错误，我们经常发现自己在处理同样的问题和同样的议题。所以研究我们的过去，研究我们的历史，是非常非常重要的。
But the main thing I tell you and I tell my own daughters is, you can't be trapped by the past. There's a difference between understanding your past. You need to know the history of Peru. If you live in the United States, you need to know how America came about -- and that includes both the amazing and wonderful things, but also the bad things. 但我告诉你们、也告诉我自己女儿们的最重要的事情是，你不能被过去困住。理解你的过去是有区别的。你需要了解秘鲁的历史。如果你住在美国，你需要知道美国是如何形成的——这既包括那些了不起的、美妙的事情，也包括那些不好的事情。
If you want to understand America today, then you have to understand slavery, and you have to understand the history of immigration, and how the debates we're having today about immigration aren't that different from when the Irish or the Italians came and people were saying, we can't have any more Italians and we can't have any more Irish. If you don't know that then you aren't going to understand the patterns that we are having today. 如果你想理解今天的美国，那么你必须理解奴隶制，你必须理解移民的历史，以及我们今天关于移民的辩论与当年爱尔兰人或意大利人来的时候有多么不同，当时人们说，我们不能再有更多的意大利人了，我们不能再有更多的爱尔兰人了。如果你不知道这些，那么你就不会理解我们今天正在经历的模式。
But the point is, is that we have the power to make our own history. We don't have to repeat the same mistakes. We don't have to just be confined to what has happened before or what is going on today. We can think differently, and imagine differently, and do things differently. 但关键是，我们有能力创造我们自己的历史。我们不必重复同样的错误。我们不必仅仅被之前发生的事情或今天正在发生的事情所限制。我们可以不同地思考，不同地想象，不同地做事。
The one thing that we should remember, though, is that even as we try to do things that are new, we should remember that change generally doesn't happen overnight. It happens over time. So I say that to young people because sometimes they get impatient. In the United States, sometimes people say to me, oh, why haven't we eliminated racial discrimination in the United States? 不过，我们应该记住的一件事是，即使我们尝试做新的事情，我们也应该记住，改变通常不会在一夜之间发生。它是随着时间发生的。我之所以对年轻人这样说，是因为有时候他们会变得不耐烦。在美国，有时候人们对我说，哦，为什么我们还没有消除美国的种族歧视？
And I say, well, we've made a lot of progress since I was born. In terms of human history, if you think on the scale of hundreds of years or thousands of years -- in 50 years, the changes that have taken place have been amazing. 我说，嗯，自从我出生以来，我们已经取得了很大的进步。从人类历史的角度来看，如果你以几百年或几千年的尺度来思考——在50年里，发生的变化是惊人的。
So you have to understand that even though we can think differently, societies don't move immediately. It requires hard work, and you have to persuade people. And sometimes you take two steps forward and then you take one step back. And you shouldn't be discouraged when that happens, because history doesn't just move in a smooth, straight line. 所以你必须明白，即使我们可以不同地思考，社会也不会立即改变。这需要艰苦的工作，你必须说服人们。有时候你前进两步，然后后退一步。当这种情况发生时，你不应该气馁，因为历史不是沿着一条平滑的直线前进的。
The good news is that we have more access to information than we've ever had before. Young people are in a position to change the world faster than ever before. And I am confident that if you are respectful of people and you look for what you have in common with humanity, if you stay true to the values of kindness, and respect, and reason, and trying to live together in peace, that the world will keep getting better. And I'll be looking forward to seeing all the amazing things that you do in the years to come. 好消息是，我们比以往任何时候都更容易获得信息。年轻人比以往任何时候都更有能力更快地改变世界。我相信，如果你们尊重他人，寻找你们与人类的共同之处，如果你们坚持善良、尊重、理性以及努力和平共处的价值观，那么世界会变得越来越好。我期待着看到你们在未来岁月里所做的所有了不起的事情。
Okay? Thank you very much, everybody. 好吗？非常感谢大家。
Thank you. 谢谢。
